至于任务调度这个基础功能,重要性不言而喻,大多数业务系统都会用到,世面上有很多成熟的三方库比如Quartz,Hangfire,Coravel 这里我们不讨论三方的库如何使用 而是从0开始自己制作一个简易的任务调度 。

技术栈用到了:BackgroundService和NCrontab库 。

第一步我们定义一个简单的任务约定,不干别的就是一个执行方法

    public interface IScheduleTask
    {
        Task ExecuteAsync();
    }
    public abstract class ScheduleTask : IScheduleTask
    {
        public virtual Task ExecuteAsync()
        {
            return Task.CompletedTask;
        }
    }

第二步定义特性标注任务执行周期等信的metadata 。

    [AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.Class, AllowMultiple = true, Inherited = false)]
    public class ScheduleTaskAttribute(string cron) : Attribute
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// 支持的cron表达式格式 * * * * *：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cron
        /// 最小单位为分钟
        /// </summary>
        public string Cron { get; set; } = cron;
        public string? Description { get; set; }
        /// <summary>
        /// 是否异步执行.默认false会阻塞接下来的同类任务
        /// </summary>
        public bool IsAsync { get; set; } = false;
        /// <summary>
        /// 是否初始化即启动,默认false
        /// </summary>
        public bool IsStartOnInit { get; set; } = false;
    }

第三步我们定义一个调度器约定,不干别的就是判断当前的任务是否可以执行

    public interface IScheduler
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// 判断当前的任务是否可以执行
        /// </summary>
        bool CanRun(ScheduleTaskAttribute scheduleMetadata, DateTime referenceTime);
    }

好了,基础步骤就完成了,如果我们需要实现配置级别的任务调度或者动态的任务调度 那我们再抽象一个Store

    public class ScheduleTaskMetadata(Type scheduleTaskType, string cron)
    {
        public Type ScheduleTaskType { get; set; } = scheduleTaskType;
        public string Cron { get; set; } = cron;
        public string? Description { get; set; }
        public bool IsAsync { get; set; } = false;
        public bool IsStartOnInit { get; set; } = false;
    }
    public interface IScheduleMetadataStore
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// 获取所有ScheduleTaskMetadata
        /// </summary>
        Task<IEnumerable<ScheduleTaskMetadata>> GetAllAsync();
    }

实现一个Configuration级别的Store 。

    internal class ConfigurationScheduleMetadataStore(IConfiguration configuration) : IScheduleMetadataStore
    {
        const string Key = "BiwenQuickApi:Schedules";

        public Task<IEnumerable<ScheduleTaskMetadata>> GetAllAsync()
        {
            var options = configuration.GetSection(Key).GetChildren();

            if (options?.Any() is true)
            {
                var metadatas = options.Select(x =>
                {
                    var type = Type.GetType(x[nameof(ConfigurationScheduleOption.ScheduleType)]!);
                    if (type is null)
                        throw new ArgumentException($"Type {x[nameof(ConfigurationScheduleOption.ScheduleType)]} not found!");

                    return new ScheduleTaskMetadata(type, x[nameof(ConfigurationScheduleOption.Cron)]!)
                    {
                        Description = x[nameof(ConfigurationScheduleOption.Description)],
                        IsAsync = string.IsNullOrEmpty(x[nameof(ConfigurationScheduleOption.IsAsync)]) ? false : bool.Parse(x[nameof(ConfigurationScheduleOption.IsAsync)]!),
                        IsStartOnInit = string.IsNullOrEmpty(x[nameof(ConfigurationScheduleOption.IsStartOnInit)]) ? false : bool.Parse(x[nameof(ConfigurationScheduleOption.IsStartOnInit)]!),
                    };
                });
                return Task.FromResult(metadatas);
            }
            return Task.FromResult(Enumerable.Empty<ScheduleTaskMetadata>());
        }
    }

然后呢,我们可能需要多任务调度的事件做一些操作或者日志存储.比如失败了该干嘛,完成了回调其他后续业务等.我们再来定义一下具体的事件IEvent,具体可以参考我上一篇文章: https://www.cnblogs.com/vipwan/p/18184088 。

    public abstract class ScheduleTaskEvent(IScheduleTask scheduleTask, DateTime eventTime) : IEvent
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// 任务
        /// </summary>
        public IScheduleTask ScheduleTask { get; set; } = scheduleTask;
        /// <summary>
        /// 触发时间
        /// </summary>
        public DateTime EventTime { get; set; } = eventTime;
    }
    /// <summary>
    /// 执行完成
    /// </summary>
    public sealed class TaskSuccessedEvent(IScheduleTask scheduleTask, DateTime eventTime, DateTime endTime) : ScheduleTaskEvent(scheduleTask, eventTime)
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// 执行结束的时间
        /// </summary>
        public DateTime EndTime { get; set; } = endTime;
    }
    /// <summary>
    /// 执行开始
    /// </summary>
    public sealed class TaskStartedEvent(IScheduleTask scheduleTask, DateTime eventTime) : ScheduleTaskEvent(scheduleTask, eventTime);
    /// <summary>
    /// 执行失败
    /// </summary>
    public sealed class TaskFailedEvent(IScheduleTask scheduleTask, DateTime eventTime, Exception exception) : ScheduleTaskEvent(scheduleTask, eventTime)
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// 异常信息
        /// </summary>
        public Exception Exception { get; private set; } = exception;
    }

接下来我们再实现基于NCrontab的简易调度器,这个调度器主要是解析Cron表达式判断传入时间是否可以执行ScheduleTask,具体的代码

    internal class SampleNCrontabScheduler : IScheduler
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// 暂存上次执行时间
        /// </summary>
        private static ConcurrentDictionary<ScheduleTaskAttribute, DateTime> LastRunTimes = new();

        public bool CanRun(ScheduleTaskAttribute scheduleMetadata, DateTime referenceTime)
        {
            var now = DateTime.Now;
            var haveExcuteTime = LastRunTimes.TryGetValue(scheduleMetadata, out var time);
            if (!haveExcuteTime)
            {
                var nextStartTime = CrontabSchedule.Parse(scheduleMetadata.Cron).GetNextOccurrence(referenceTime);
                LastRunTimes.TryAdd(scheduleMetadata, nextStartTime);

                //如果不是初始化启动,则不执行
                if (!scheduleMetadata.IsStartOnInit)
                    return false;
            }
            if (now >= time)
            {
                var nextStartTime = CrontabSchedule.Parse(scheduleMetadata.Cron).GetNextOccurrence(referenceTime);
                //更新下次执行时间
                LastRunTimes.TryUpdate(scheduleMetadata, nextStartTime, time);
                return true;
            }
            return false;
        }
    }

然后就是核心的BackgroundService了,这里我用的IdleTime心跳来实现,粒度分钟,当然内部也可以封装Timer等实现更复杂精度更高的调度,这里就不展开讲了,代码如下

    internal class ScheduleBackgroundService : BackgroundService
    {
        private static readonly TimeSpan _pollingTime
#if DEBUG
          //轮询20s 测试环境下，方便测试。
          = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(20);
#endif
#if !DEBUG
         //轮询60s 正式环境下，考虑性能轮询时间延长到60s
         = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(60);
#endif
        //心跳10s.
        private static readonly TimeSpan _minIdleTime = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(10);
        private readonly ILogger<ScheduleBackgroundService> _logger;
        private readonly IServiceProvider _serviceProvider;
        public ScheduleBackgroundService(ILogger<ScheduleBackgroundService> logger, IServiceProvider serviceProvider)
        {
            _logger = logger;
            _serviceProvider = serviceProvider;
        }
        protected override async Task ExecuteAsync(CancellationToken stoppingToken)
        {
            while (!stoppingToken.IsCancellationRequested)
            {
                var pollingDelay = Task.Delay(_pollingTime, stoppingToken);
                try
                {
                    await RunAsync(stoppingToken);
                }
                catch (Exception ex)
                {
                    //todo:
                    _logger.LogError(ex.Message);
                }
                await WaitAsync(pollingDelay, stoppingToken);
            }
        }
        private async Task RunAsync(CancellationToken stoppingToken)
        {
            using var scope = _serviceProvider.CreateScope();
            var tasks = scope.ServiceProvider.GetServices<IScheduleTask>();
            if (tasks is null || !tasks.Any())
            {
                return;
            }
            //调度器
            var scheduler = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<IScheduler>();
            async Task DoTaskAsync(IScheduleTask task, ScheduleTaskAttribute metadata)
            {
                if (scheduler.CanRun(metadata, DateTime.Now))
                {
                    var eventTime = DateTime.Now;
                    //通知启动
                    _ = new TaskStartedEvent(task, eventTime).PublishAsync(default);
                    try
                    {
                        if (metadata.IsAsync)
                        {
                            //异步执行
                            _ = task.ExecuteAsync();
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            //同步执行
                            await task.ExecuteAsync();
                        }
                        //执行完成
                        _ = new TaskSuccessedEvent(task, eventTime, DateTime.Now).PublishAsync(default);
                    }
                    catch (Exception ex)
                    {
                        _ = new TaskFailedEvent(task, DateTime.Now, ex).PublishAsync(default);
                    }
                }
            };
            //注解中的task
            foreach (var task in tasks)
            {
                if (stoppingToken.IsCancellationRequested)
                {
                    break;
                }
                //标注的metadatas
                var metadatas = task.GetType().GetCustomAttributes<ScheduleTaskAttribute>();

                if (!metadatas.Any())
                {
                    continue;
                }
                foreach (var metadata in metadatas)
                {
                    await DoTaskAsync(task, metadata);
                }
            }
            //store中的scheduler
            var stores = _serviceProvider.GetServices<IScheduleMetadataStore>().ToArray();

            //并行执行,提高性能
            Parallel.ForEach(stores, async store =>
            {
                if (stoppingToken.IsCancellationRequested)
                {
                    return;
                }
                var metadatas = await store.GetAllAsync();
                if (metadatas is null || !metadatas.Any())
                {
                    return;
                }
                foreach (var metadata in metadatas)
                {
                    var attr = new ScheduleTaskAttribute(metadata.Cron)
                    {
                        Description = metadata.Description,
                        IsAsync = metadata.IsAsync,
                        IsStartOnInit = metadata.IsStartOnInit,
                    };

                    var task = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService(metadata.ScheduleTaskType) as IScheduleTask;
                    if (task is null)
                    {
                        return;
                    }
                    await DoTaskAsync(task, attr);
                }
            });
        }

        private static async Task WaitAsync(Task pollingDelay, CancellationToken stoppingToken)
        {
            try
            {
                await Task.Delay(_minIdleTime, stoppingToken);
                await pollingDelay;
            }
            catch (OperationCanceledException)
            {
            }
        }
    }

最后收尾阶段我们老规矩扩展一下IServiceCollection

        internal static IServiceCollection AddScheduleTask(this IServiceCollection services)
        {
            foreach (var task in ScheduleTasks)
            {
                services.AddTransient(task);
                services.AddTransient(typeof(IScheduleTask), task);
            }
            //调度器
            services.AddScheduler<SampleNCrontabScheduler>();
            //配置文件Store services.AddScheduleMetadataStore<ConfigurationScheduleMetadataStore>();
            //BackgroundService
           services.AddHostedService<ScheduleBackgroundService>();
            return services;
        }
        /// <summary>
        /// 注册调度器AddScheduler
        /// </summary>
        public static IServiceCollection AddScheduler<T>(this IServiceCollection services) where T : class, IScheduler
        {
            services.AddSingleton<IScheduler, T>();
            return services;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// 注册ScheduleMetadataStore
        /// </summary>
        public static IServiceCollection AddScheduleMetadataStore<T>(this IServiceCollection services) where T : class, IScheduleMetadataStore
        {
            services.AddSingleton<IScheduleMetadataStore, T>();
            return services;
        }

老规矩我们来测试一下

    //通过特性标注的方式执行:
    [ScheduleTask(Constants.CronEveryMinute)] //每分钟一次
    [ScheduleTask("0/3 * * * *")]//每3分钟执行一次
    public class KeepAlive(ILogger<KeepAlive> logger) : IScheduleTask
    {
        public async Task ExecuteAsync()
        {
            //执行5s
            await Task.Delay(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(5));
            logger.LogInformation("keep alive!");
        }
    }
	public class DemoConfigTask(ILogger<DemoConfigTask> logger) : IScheduleTask
    {
        public Task ExecuteAsync()
        {
            logger.LogInformation("Demo Config Schedule Done!");
            return Task.CompletedTask;
        }
    }

通过配置文件的方式配置Store

{
  "BiwenQuickApi": {
    "Schedules": [
      {
        "ScheduleType": "Biwen.QuickApi.DemoWeb.Schedules.DemoConfigTask,Biwen.QuickApi.DemoWeb",
        "Cron": "0/5 * * * *",
        "Description": "Every 5 mins",
        "IsAsync": true,
        "IsStartOnInit": false
      },
      {
        "ScheduleType": "Biwen.QuickApi.DemoWeb.Schedules.DemoConfigTask,Biwen.QuickApi.DemoWeb",
        "Cron": "0/10 * * * *",
        "Description": "Every 10 mins",
        "IsAsync": false,
        "IsStartOnInit": true
      }
    ]
  }
}

我们还可以自己实现自己的Store,这里以放到内存为例,如果有兴趣 你可以可以自行开发一个面板管理

    public class DemoStore : IScheduleMetadataStore
    {
        public Task<IEnumerable<ScheduleTaskMetadata>> GetAllAsync()
        {
            //模拟从数据库或配置文件中获取ScheduleTaskMetadata
            IEnumerable<ScheduleTaskMetadata> metadatas =
                [
                    new ScheduleTaskMetadata(typeof(DemoTask),Constants.CronEveryNMinutes(2))
                    {
                        Description="测试的Schedule"
                    },
                ];
            return Task.FromResult(metadatas);
        }
    }
	
	//然后注册这个Store:
	builder.Services.AddScheduleMetadataStore<DemoStore>();

所有的一切都大功告成,最后我们来跑一下Demo成功了

当然这里是自己的固定思维设计的一个简约版,还存在一些不足,欢迎板砖轻拍指正.

源代码我发布到了GitHub,欢迎star! https://github.com/vipwan/Biwen.QuickApi https://github.com/vipwan/Biwen.QuickApi/tree/master/Biwen.QuickApi/Scheduling 。

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