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Linux常用命令之grep命令用法详解

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1.官方简介 。

grep是linux的常用命令,用于对文件和文本执行重复搜索任务的Unix工具,可以通过grep命令指定特定搜索条件来搜索文件及其内容以获取有用的信息.

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Usage: grep [OPTION]... PATTERN [FILE]...
Search for PATTERN in each FILE or standard input.
PATTERN is, by default, a basic regular expression (BRE).
Example: grep -i 'hello world' menu.h main.c
 
Regexp selection and interpretation:
  -E, --extended-regexp  PATTERN is an extended regular expression (ERE)
  -F, --fixed-strings  PATTERN is a set of newline-separated fixed strings
  -G, --basic-regexp  PATTERN is a basic regular expression (BRE)
  -P, --perl-regexp   PATTERN is a Perl regular expression
  -e, --regexp=PATTERN  use PATTERN for matching
  -f, -- file =FILE   obtain PATTERN from FILE
  -i, --ignore- case   ignore case distinctions
  -w, --word-regexp   force PATTERN to match only whole words
  -x, --line-regexp   force PATTERN to match only whole lines
  -z, --null-data   a data line ends in 0 byte, not newline
 
Miscellaneous:
  -s, --no-messages   suppress error messages
  - v , --invert-match  select non-matching lines
  -V, --version    display version information and exit
   --help    display this help text and exit
 
Output control:
  -m, --max-count=NUM  stop after NUM matches
  -b, --byte-offset   print the byte offset with output lines
  -n, --line-number   print line number with output lines
   --line-buffered  flush output on every line
  -H, --with-filename  print the file name for each match
  -h, --no-filename   suppress the file name prefix on output
   --label=LABEL   use LABEL as the standard input file name prefix
  -o, --only-matching  show only the part of a line matching PATTERN
  -q, --quiet, --silent  suppress all normal output
   --binary-files=TYPE assume that binary files are TYPE;
        TYPE is 'binary' , 'text' , or 'without-match'
  -a, --text    equivalent to --binary-files=text
  -I      equivalent to --binary-files=without-match
  -d, --directories=ACTION how to handle directories;
        ACTION is 'read' , 'recurse' , or 'skip'
  -D, --devices=ACTION  how to handle devices, FIFOs and sockets;
        ACTION is 'read' or 'skip'
  -r, --recursive   like --directories=recurse
  -R, --dereference-recursive
        likewise, but follow all symlinks
   --include=FILE_PATTERN
        search only files that match FILE_PATTERN
   --exclude=FILE_PATTERN
        skip files and directories matching FILE_PATTERN
   --exclude-from=FILE skip files matching any file pattern from FILE
   --exclude- dir =PATTERN directories that match PATTERN will be skipped.
  -L, --files-without-match print only names of FILEs containing no match
  -l, --files-with-matches print only names of FILEs containing matches
  -c, --count    print only a count of matching lines per FILE
  -T, --initial-tab   make tabs line up ( if needed)
  -Z, --null    print 0 byte after FILE name
 
Context control:
  -B, --before-context=NUM print NUM lines of leading context
  -A, --after-context=NUM print NUM lines of trailing context
  -C, --context=NUM   print NUM lines of output context
  -NUM      same as --context=NUM
   --group-separator=SEP use SEP as a group separator
   --no-group-separator use empty string as a group separator
   --color[=WHEN],
   --colour[=WHEN]  use markers to highlight the matching strings;
        WHEN is 'always' , 'never' , or 'auto'
  -U, --binary    do not strip CR characters at EOL (MSDOS /Windows )
  -u, --unix-byte-offsets report offsets as if CRs were not there
        (MSDOS /Windows )
 
'egrep' means 'grep -E' . 'fgrep' means 'grep -F' .
Direct invocation as either 'egrep' or 'fgrep' is deprecated.
When FILE is -, read standard input. With no FILE, read . if a command -line
-r is given, - otherwise. If fewer than two FILEs are given, assume -h.
Exit status is 0 if any line is selected, 1 otherwise;
if any error occurs and -q is not given, the exit status is 2.
 
Report bugs to: bug- grep @gnu.org
GNU Grep home page: <http: //www .gnu.org /software/grep/ >
General help using GNU software: <a rel= "external nofollow" href= "http://www.gnu.org/gethelp/" >http: //www .gnu.org /gethelp/ < /a >

我平时也是简单的查看一个用户数据,用于简单的数据校对,最近突然接到分析后台日志的需求,才发现grep用处还是不少的.

比如我们后台日志相当大,要是直接从服务器直接拉取,耗时长占用带宽,所以方案就是直接使用 grep关键字重定向到新的文件中,从14G直接到12M,然后再数据清洗和分析.

2.实战介绍 。

2.1使用grep命令对多文件中多种文本查询 。

note :使用egrep命令,可使用扩展的正则表达式 。

1.多文件 。

  • grep 'pattern' file1 file2

2.多文本 , 关系是OR 。

  • egrep 'pattern1|pattern2' *.py
  • grep -e pattern1 -e pattern2 *.py
  • grep -E 'pattern1|pattern2' *.doc

例如下面对 对文件中 存在关键字 wordA or wordB进行提取

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grep 'wordA\|wordB' *.py
grep -E 'wordA|wordB' *.doc
grep -e wordA -e wordB *.py
egrep "wordA|wordB" *.c

3.多文本关系是 AND 。

这里我并没有看到 直接能用的【option】,只能加一层管道符|.

例如:

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grep -e pattern1 *.py | grep -e pattern2

2.2完全匹配关键词 -w 。

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grep -w 'warning\|error\|critical' /home/logs

2.3使用-i参数忽略大小写,–color高亮显示匹配结果 。

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egrep -wi --color 'warning|error|critical' /home/logs

2.4递归查找 。

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egrep -Rwi --color 'warning|error' /home/logs/

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原文链接:https://www.cnblogs.com/wqbin/p/11771117.html 。

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