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 基本常用查询  --select  select * from student;  --all 查询所有  select all sex from student;  --distinct 过滤重复  select distinct sex from student;  --count 统计  select count(*) from student;  select count(sex) from student;  select count(distinct sex) from student;  --top 取前N条记录  select top 3 * from student;  --alias column name 列重命名  select id as 编号, name '名称', sex 性别 from student;  --alias table name 表重命名  select id, name, s.id, s.name from student s;  --column 列运算  select (age + id) col from student;  select s.name + '-' + c.name from classes c, student s where s.cid = c.id;  --where 条件  select * from student where id = 2;  select * from student where id > 7;  select * from student where id < 3;  select * from student where id <> 3;  select * from student where id >= 3;  select * from student where id <= 5;  select * from student where id !> 3;  select * from student where id !< 5;  --and 并且  select * from student where id > 2 and sex = 1;  --or 或者  select * from student where id = 2 or sex = 1;  --between ... and ... 相当于并且  select * from student where id between 2 and 5;  select * from student where id not between 2 and 5;  --like 模糊查询  select * from student where name like '%a%';  select * from student where name like '%[a][o]%';  select * from student where name not like '%a%';  select * from student where name like 'ja%';  select * from student where name not like '%[j,n]%';  select * from student where name like '%[j,n,a]%';  select * from student where name like '%[^ja,as,on]%';  select * from student where name like '%[ja_on]%';  --in 子查询  select * from student where id in (1, 2);  --not in 不在其中  select * from student where id not in (1, 2);  --is null 是空  select * from student where age is null;  --is not null 不为空  select * from student where age is not null;  --order by 排序  select * from student order by name;  select * from student order by name desc;  select * from student order by name asc;  --group by 分组  按照年龄进行分组统计  select count(age), age from student group by age;  按照性别进行分组统计  select count(*), sex from student group by sex;  按照年龄和性别组合分组统计，并排序  select count(*), sex from student group by sex, age order by age;  按照性别分组，并且是id大于2的记录最后按照性别排序  select count(*), sex from student where id > 2 group by sex order by sex;  查询id大于2的数据，并完成运算后的结果进行分组和排序  select count(*), (sex * id) new from student where id > 2 group by sex * id order by sex * id;  --group by all 所有分组  按照年龄分组，是所有的年龄  select count(*), age from student group by all age;  --having 分组过滤条件  按照年龄分组，过滤年龄为空的数据，并且统计分组的条数和现实年龄信息  select count(*), age from student group by age having age is not null;  按照年龄和cid组合分组，过滤条件是cid大于1的记录  select count(*), cid, sex from student group by cid, sex having cid > 1;  按照年龄分组，过滤条件是分组后的记录条数大于等于2  select count(*), age from student group by age having count(age) >= 2;  按照cid和性别组合分组，过滤条件是cid大于1，cid的最大值大于2  select count(*), cid, sex from student group by cid, sex having cid > 1 and max(cid) > 2;  Ø 嵌套子查询  子查询是一个嵌套在select、insert、update或delete语句或其他子查询中的查询。任何允许使用表达式的地方都可以使用子查询。子查询也称为内部查询或内部选择，而包含子查询的语句也成为外部查询或外部选择。  # from (select … table)示例  将一个table的查询结果当做一个新表进行查询  select * from (  select id, name from student where sex = 1  ) t where t.id > 2;  上面括号中的语句，就是子查询语句（内部查询）。在外面的是外部查询，其中外部查询可以包含以下语句：  1、 包含常规选择列表组件的常规select查询  2、 包含一个或多个表或视图名称的常规from语句  3、 可选的where子句  4、 可选的group by子句  5、 可选的having子句  # 示例  查询班级信息，统计班级学生人生  select *, (select count(*) from student where cid = classes.id) as num  from classes order by num;  # in, not in子句查询示例  查询班级id大于小于的这些班级的学生信息  select * from student where cid in (  select id from classes where id > 2 and id < 4  );  查询不是班的学生信息  select * from student where cid not in (  select id from classes where name = '2班'  )  in、not in 后面的子句返回的结果必须是一列，这一列的结果将会作为查询条件对应前面的条件。如cid对应子句的id；  # exists和not exists子句查询示例  查询存在班级id为的学生信息  select * from student where exists (  select * from classes where id = student.cid and id = 3  );  查询没有分配班级的学生信息  select * from student where not exists (  select * from classes where id = student.cid  );  exists和not exists查询需要内部查询和外部查询进行一个关联的条件，如果没有这个条件将是查询到的所有信息。如：id等于student.id；  # some、any、all子句查询示例  查询班级的学生年龄大于班级的学生的年龄的信息  select * from student where cid = 5 and age > all (  select age from student where cid = 3  );  select * from student where cid = 5 and age > any (  select age from student where cid = 3  );  select * from student where cid = 5 and age > some (  select age from student where cid = 3  );  Ø 聚合查询  1、 distinct去掉重复数据  select distinct sex from student;  select count(sex), count(distinct sex) from student;  2、 compute和compute by汇总查询  对年龄大于的进行汇总  select age from student  where age > 20 order by age compute sum(age) by age;  对年龄大于的按照性别进行分组汇总年龄信息  select id, sex, age from student  where age > 20 order by sex, age compute sum(age) by sex;  按照年龄分组汇总  select age from student  where age > 20 order by age, id compute sum(age);  按照年龄分组，年龄汇总，id找最大值  select id, age from student  where age > 20 order by age compute sum(age), max(id);  compute进行汇总前面是查询的结果，后面一条结果集就是汇总的信息。compute子句中可以添加多个汇总表达式，可以添加的信息如下：  a、 可选by关键字。它是每一列计算指定的行聚合  b、 行聚合函数名称。包括sum、avg、min、max、count等  c、 要对其执行聚合函数的列  compute by适合做先分组后汇总的业务。compute by后面的列一定要是order by中出现的列。  3、 cube汇总  cube汇总和compute效果类似，但语法较简洁，而且返回的是一个结果集。  select count(*), sex from student group by sex with cube;  select count(*), age, sum(age) from student where age is not null group by age with cube;  cube要结合group by语句完成分组汇总  Ø 排序函数  排序在很多地方需要用到，需要对查询结果进行排序并且给出序号。比如：  1、 对某张表进行排序，序号需要递增不重复的  2、 对学生的成绩进行排序，得出名次，名次可以并列，但名次的序号是连续递增的  3、 在某些排序的情况下，需要跳空序号，虽然是并列  基本语法  排序函数 over([分组语句] 排序子句[desc][asc])  排序子句 order by 列名, 列名  分组子句 partition by 分组列, 分组列  # row_number函数  根据排序子句给出递增连续序号  按照名称排序的顺序递增  select s.id, s.name, cid, c.name, row_number() over(order by c.name) as number  from student s, classes c where cid = c.id;  # rank函数函数  根据排序子句给出递增的序号，但是存在并列并且跳空  顺序递增  select id, name, rank() over(order by cid) as rank from student;  跳过相同递增  select s.id, s.name, cid, c.name, rank() over(order by c.name) as rank  from student s, classes c where cid = c.id;  # dense_rank函数  根据排序子句给出递增的序号，但是存在并列不跳空  不跳过，直接递增  select s.id, s.name, cid, c.name, dense_rank() over(order by c.name) as dense  from student s, classes c where cid = c.id;  # partition by分组子句  可以完成对分组的数据进行增加排序，partition by可以与以上三个函数联合使用。  利用partition by按照班级名称分组，学生id排序  select s.id, s.name, cid, c.name, row_number() over(partition by c.name order by s.id) as rank  from student s, classes c where cid = c.id;  select s.id, s.name, cid, c.name, rank() over(partition by c.name order by s.id) as rank  from student s, classes c where cid = c.id;  select s.id, s.name, cid, c.name, dense_rank() over(partition by c.name order by s.id) as rank  from student s, classes c where cid = c.id;  # ntile平均排序函数  将要排序的数据进行平分，然后按照等分排序。ntile中的参数代表分成多少等分。  select s.id, s.name, cid, c.name,  ntile(5) over(order by c.name) as ntile  from student s, classes c where cid = c.id;  Ø 集合运算  操作两组查询结果，进行交集、并集、减集运算  1、 union和union all进行并集运算  --union 并集、不重复  select id, name from student where name like 'ja%'  union  select id, name from student where id = 4;  --并集、重复  select * from student where name like 'ja%'  union all  select * from student;  2、 intersect进行交集运算  --交集（相同部分）  select * from student where name like 'ja%'  intersect  select * from student;  3、 except进行减集运算  --减集（除相同部分）  select * from student where name like 'ja%'  except  select * from student where name like 'jas%';  Ø 公式表表达式  查询表的时候，有时候中间表需要重复使用，这些子查询被重复查询调用，不但效率低，而且可读性低，不利于理解。那么公式表表达式可以解决这个问题。  我们可以将公式表表达式（CET）视为临时结果集，在select、insert、update、delete或是create view语句的执行范围内进行定义。  --表达式  with statNum(id, num) as  (  select cid, count(*)  from student  where id > 0  group by cid  )  select id, num from statNum order by id;  with statNum(id, num) as  (  select cid, count(*)  from student  where id > 0  group by cid  )  select max(id), avg(num) from statNum;  Ø 连接查询  1、 简化连接查询  --简化联接查询  select s.id, s.name, c.id, c.name from student s, classes c where s.cid = c.id;  2、 left join左连接  --左连接  select s.id, s.name, c.id, c.name from student s left join classes c on s.cid = c.id;  3、 right join右连接  --右连接  select s.id, s.name, c.id, c.name from student s right join classes c on s.cid = c.id;  4、 inner join内连接  --内连接  select s.id, s.name, c.id, c.name from student s inner join classes c on s.cid = c.id;  --inner可以省略  select s.id, s.name, c.id, c.name from student s join classes c on s.cid = c.id;  5、 cross join交叉连接  --交叉联接查询，结果是一个笛卡儿乘积  select s.id, s.name, c.id, c.name from student s cross join classes c  --where s.cid = c.id;  6、 自连接（同一张表进行连接查询）  --自连接  select distinct s.* from student s, student s1 where s.id <> s1.id and s.sex = s1.sex;  Ø 函数  1、 聚合函数  max最大值、min最小值、count统计、avg平均值、sum求和、var求方差  select  max(age) max_age,  min(age) min_age,  count(age) count_age,  avg(age) avg_age,  sum(age) sum_age,  var(age) var_age  from student;  2、 日期时间函数  select dateAdd(day, 3, getDate());--加天  select dateAdd(year, 3, getDate());--加年  select dateAdd(hour, 3, getDate());--加小时  --返回跨两个指定日期的日期边界数和时间边界数  select dateDiff(day, '2011-06-20', getDate());  --相差秒数  select dateDiff(second, '2011-06-22 11:00:00', getDate());  --相差小时数  select dateDiff(hour, '2011-06-22 10:00:00', getDate());  select dateName(month, getDate());--当前月份  select dateName(minute, getDate());--当前分钟  select dateName(weekday, getDate());--当前星期  select datePart(month, getDate());--当前月份  select datePart(weekday, getDate());--当前星期  select datePart(second, getDate());--当前秒数  select day(getDate());--返回当前日期天数  select day('2011-06-30');--返回当前日期天数  select month(getDate());--返回当前日期月份  select month('2011-11-10');  select year(getDate());--返回当前日期年份  select year('2010-11-10');  select getDate();--当前系统日期  select getUTCDate();--utc日期  3、 数学函数  select pi();--PI函数  select rand(100), rand(50), rand(), rand();--随机数  select round(rand(), 3), round(rand(100), 5);--精确小数位  --精确位数，负数表示小数点前  select round(123.456, 2), round(254.124, -2);  select round(123.4567, 1, 2);  4、 元数据  select col_name(object_id('student'), 1);--返回列名  select col_name(object_id('student'), 2);  --该列数据类型长度  select col_length('student', col_name(object_id('student'), 2));  --该列数据类型长度  select col_length('student', col_name(object_id('student'), 1));  --返回类型名称、类型id  select type_name(type_id('varchar')), type_id('varchar');  --返回列类型长度  select columnProperty(object_id('student'), 'name', 'PRECISION');  --返回列所在索引位置  select columnProperty(object_id('student'), 'sex', 'ColumnId');  5、 字符串函数  select ascii('a');--字符转换ascii值  select ascii('A');  select char(97);--ascii值转换字符  select char(65);  select nchar(65);  select nchar(45231);  select nchar(32993);--unicode转换字符  select unicode('A'), unicode('中');--返回unicode编码值  select soundex('hello'), soundex('world'), soundex('word');  select patindex('%a', 'ta'), patindex('%ac%', 'jack'), patindex('dex%', 'dexjack');--匹配字符索引  select 'a' + space(2) + 'b', 'c' + space(5) + 'd';--输出空格  select charIndex('o', 'hello world');--查找索引  select charIndex('o', 'hello world', 6);--查找索引  select quoteName('abc[]def'), quoteName('123]45');  --精确数字  select str(123.456, 2), str(123.456, 3), str(123.456, 4);  select str(123.456, 9, 2), str(123.456, 9, 3), str(123.456, 6, 1), str(123.456, 9, 6);  select difference('hello', 'helloWorld');--比较字符串相同  select difference('hello', 'world');  select difference('hello', 'llo');  select difference('hello', 'hel');  select difference('hello', 'hello');  select replace('abcedef', 'e', 'E');--替换字符串  select stuff('hello world', 3, 4, 'ABC');--指定位置替换字符串  select replicate('abc#', 3);--重复字符串  select subString('abc', 1, 1), subString('abc', 1, 2), subString('hello Wrold', 7, 5);--截取字符串  select len('abc');--返回长度  select reverse('sqlServer');--反转字符串  select left('leftString', 4);--取左边字符串  select left('leftString', 7);  select right('leftString', 6);--取右边字符串  select right('leftString', 3);  select lower('aBc'), lower('ABC');--小写  select upper('aBc'), upper('abc');--大写  --去掉左边空格  select ltrim(' abc'), ltrim('# abc#'), ltrim(' abc');  --去掉右边空格  select rtrim(' abc '), rtrim('# abc# '), rtrim('abc');  6、 安全函数  select current_user;  select user;  select user_id(), user_id('dbo'), user_id('public'), user_id('guest');  select user_name(), user_name(1), user_name(0), user_name(2);  select session_user;  select suser_id('sa');  select suser_sid(), suser_sid('sa'), suser_sid('sysadmin'), suser_sid('serveradmin');  select is_member('dbo'), is_member('public');  select suser_name(), suser_name(1), suser_name(2), suser_name(3);  select suser_sname(), suser_sname(0x01), suser_sname(0x02), suser_sname(0x03);  select is_srvRoleMember('sysadmin'), is_srvRoleMember('serveradmin');  select permissions(object_id('student'));  select system_user;  select schema_id(), schema_id('dbo'), schema_id('guest');  select schema_name(), schema_name(1), schema_name(2), schema_name(3);  7、 系统函数  select app_name();--当前会话的应用程序名称  select cast(2011 as datetime), cast('10' as money), cast('0' as varbinary);--类型转换  select convert(datetime, '2011');--类型转换  select coalesce(null, 'a'), coalesce('123', 'a');--返回其参数中第一个非空表达式  select collationProperty('Traditional_Spanish_CS_AS_KS_WS', 'CodePage');  select current_timestamp;--当前时间戳  select current_user;  select isDate(getDate()), isDate('abc'), isNumeric(1), isNumeric('a');  select dataLength('abc');  select host_id();  select host_name();  select db_name();  select ident_current('student'), ident_current('classes');--返回主键id的最大值  select ident_incr('student'), ident_incr('classes');--id的增量值  select ident_seed('student'), ident_seed('classes');  select @@identity;--最后一次自增的值  select identity(int, 1, 1) as id into tab from student;--将studeng表的烈属，以/1自增形式创建一个tab  select * from tab;  select @@rowcount;--影响行数  select @@cursor_rows;--返回连接上打开的游标的当前限定行的数目  select @@error;--T-SQL的错误号  select @@procid;  8、 配置函数  set datefirst 7;--设置每周的第一天，表示周日  select @@datefirst as '星期的第一天', datepart(dw, getDate()) AS '今天是星期';  select @@dbts;--返回当前数据库唯一时间戳  set language 'Italian';  select @@langId as 'Language ID';--返回语言id  select @@language as 'Language Name';--返回当前语言名称  select @@lock_timeout;--返回当前会话的当前锁定超时设置（毫秒）  select @@max_connections;--返回SQL Server 实例允许同时进行的最大用户连接数  select @@MAX_PRECISION AS 'Max Precision';--返回decimal 和numeric 数据类型所用的精度级别  select @@SERVERNAME;--SQL Server 的本地服务器的名称  select @@SERVICENAME;--服务名  select @@SPID;--当前会话进程id  select @@textSize;  select @@version;--当前数据库版本信息  9、 系统统计函数  select @@CONNECTIONS;--连接数  select @@PACK_RECEIVED;  select @@CPU_BUSY;  select @@PACK_SENT;  select @@TIMETICKS;  select @@IDLE;  select @@TOTAL_ERRORS;  select @@IO_BUSY;  select @@TOTAL_READ;--读取磁盘次数  select @@PACKET_ERRORS;--发生的网络数据包错误数  select @@TOTAL_WRITE;--sqlserver执行的磁盘写入次数  select patIndex('%soft%', 'microsoft SqlServer');  select patIndex('soft%', 'software SqlServer');  select patIndex('%soft', 'SqlServer microsoft');  select patIndex('%so_gr%', 'Jsonisprogram');  10、 用户自定义函数  # 查看当前数据库所有函数  --查询所有已创建函数  select definition,* from sys.sql_modules m join sys.objects o on m.object_id = o.object_id  and type in('fn', 'if', 'tf');  # 创建函数  if (object_id('fun_add', 'fn') is not null)  drop function fun_add  go  create function fun_add(@num1 int, @num2 int)  returns int  with execute as caller  as  begin  declare @result int;  if (@num1 is null)  set @num1 = 0;  if (@num2 is null)  set @num2 = 0;  set @result = @num1 + @num2;  return @result;  end  go  调用函数  select dbo.fun_add(id, age) from student;  --自定义函数，字符串连接  if (object_id('fun_append', 'fn') is not null)  drop function fun_append  go  create function fun_append(@args nvarchar(1024), @args2 nvarchar(1024))  returns nvarchar(2048)  as  begin  return @args + @args2;  end  go  select dbo.fun_append(name, 'abc') from student;  # 修改函数  alter function fun_append(@args nvarchar(1024), @args2 nvarchar(1024))  returns nvarchar(1024)  as  begin  declare @result varchar(1024);  --coalesce返回第一个不为null的值  set @args = coalesce(@args, '');  set @args2 = coalesce(@args2, '');;  set @result = @args + @args2;  return @result;  end  go  select dbo.fun_append(name, '#abc') from student;  # 返回table类型函数  --返回table对象函数  select name, object_id, type from sys.objects where type in ('fn', 'if', 'tf') or type like '%f%';  if (exists (select * from sys.objects where type in ('fn', 'if', 'tf') and name = 'fun_find_stuRecord'))  drop function fun_find_stuRecord  go  create function fun_find_stuRecord(@id int)  returns table  as  return (select * from student where id = @id);  go  select * from dbo.fun_find_stuRecord(2),

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