def function(arg1="",arg2=""):     print "arg1: {0}".format(arg1)     print "arg2: {0}".format(arg2) 。

  。

function("Hello", "World") # prints args1: Hello # prints args2: World 。

function() # prints args1: # prints args2

def foo(*args): # just use "*" to collect all remaining arguments into a tuple     numargs = len(args)     print "Number of arguments: {0}".format(numargs)     for i, x in enumerate(args):         print "Argument {0} is: {1}".format(i,x) 。

  。

foo() # Number of arguments: 0 。

foo("hello") # Number of arguments: 1 # Argument 0 is: hello 。

foo("hello","World","Again") # Number of arguments: 3 # Argument 0 is: hello # Argument 1 is: World # Argument 2 is: Again 。

import glob 。

  。

# get all py files files = glob.glob('*.py') print files 。

# Output # ['arg.py', 'g.py', 'shut.py', 'test.py'] 。

import itertools as it, glob 。

  。

def multiple_file_types(*patterns):     return it.chain.from_iterable(glob.glob(pattern) for pattern in patterns) 。

for filename in multiple_file_types("*.txt", "*.py"): # add as many filetype arguements     print filename 。

# output #=========# # test.txt # arg.py # g.py # shut.py # test.py 。

import itertools as it, glob, os 。

  。

def multiple_file_types(*patterns):     return it.chain.from_iterable(glob.glob(pattern) for pattern in patterns) 。

for filename in multiple_file_types("*.txt", "*.py"): # add as many filetype arguements     realpath = os.path.realpath(filename)     print realpath 。

# output #=========# # C:\xxx\pyfunc\test.txt # C:\xxx\pyfunc\arg.py # C:\xxx\pyfunc\g.py # C:\xxx\pyfunc\shut.py # C:\xxx\pyfunc\test.py 。

import logging, inspect 。

  。

logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO,     format='%(asctime)s %(levelname)-8s %(filename)s:%(lineno)-4d: %(message)s',     datefmt='%m-%d %H:%M',     ) logging.debug('A debug message') logging.info('Some information') logging.warning('A shot across the bow') 。

def test():     frame,filename,line_number,function_name,lines,index=\         inspect.getouterframes(inspect.currentframe())[1]     print(frame,filename,line_number,function_name,lines,index) 。

test() 。

# Should print the following (with current date/time of course) #10-19 19:57 INFO     test.py:9   : Some information #10-19 19:57 WARNING  test.py:10  : A shot across the bow #(, 'C:/xxx/pyfunc/magic.py', 16, '', ['test()\n'], 0) 。

import uuid result = uuid.uuid1() print result 。

  。

# output => various attempts # 9e177ec0-65b6-11e3-b2d0-e4d53dfcf61b # be57b880-65b6-11e3-a04d-e4d53dfcf61b # c3b2b90f-65b6-11e3-8c86-e4d53dfcf61b 你可能会注意到，即使字符串是唯一的，但它们后边的几个字符看起来很相似。这是因为生成的字符串与电脑的MAC地址是相联系的.

为了减少重复的情况，你可以使用这两个函数.

import hmac,hashlib key='1' data='a' print hmac.new(key, data, hashlib.sha256).hexdigest() 。

m = hashlib.sha1() m.update("The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog") print m.hexdigest() 。

# c6e693d0b35805080632bc2469e1154a8d1072a86557778c27a01329630f8917 # 2fd4e1c67a2d28fced849ee1bb76e7391b93eb12 。

import pickle 。

  。

variable = ['hello', 42, [1,'two'],'apple'] 。

# serialize content file = open('serial.txt','w') serialized_obj = pickle.dumps(variable) file.write(serialized_obj) file.close() 。

# unserialize to produce original content target = open('serial.txt','r') myObj = pickle.load(target) 。

print serialized_obj print myObj 。

#output # (lp0 # S'hello' # p1 # aI42 # a(lp2 # I1 # aS'two' # p3 # aaS'apple' # p4 # a. # ['hello', 42, [1, 'two'], 'apple'] 。

import json 。

  。

variable = ['hello', 42, [1,'two'],'apple'] print "Original {0} - {1}".format(variable,type(variable)) 。

# encoding encode = json.dumps(variable) print "Encoded {0} - {1}".format(encode,type(encode)) 。

#deccoding decoded = json.loads(encode) print "Decoded {0} - {1}".format(decoded,type(decoded)) 。

# output 。

# Original ['hello', 42, [1, 'two'], 'apple'] - <type 'list'=""> # Encoded ["hello", 42, [1, "two"], "apple"] - <type 'str'=""> # Decoded [u'hello', 42, [1, u'two'], u'apple'] - <type 'list'=""> 。

import zlib 。

  。

string =  """   Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetu                 adipiscing elit. Nunc ut elit id mi ultricies                 adipiscing. Nulla facilisi. Praesent pulvinar,                 sapien vel feugiat vestibulum, nulla dui pretium orci,                 non ultricies elit lacus quis ante. Lorem ipsum dolor                 sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Aliquam                 pretium ullamcorper urna quis iaculis. Etiam ac massa                 sed turpis tempor luctus. Curabitur sed nibh eu elit                 mollis congue. Praesent ipsum diam, consectetur vitae                 ornare a, aliquam a nunc. In id magna pellentesque                 tellus posuere adipiscing. Sed non mi metus, at lacinia                 augue. Sed magna nisi, ornare in mollis in, mollis                 sed nunc. Etiam at justo in leo congue mollis.                 Nullam in neque eget metus hendrerit scelerisque                 eu non enim. Ut malesuada lacus eu nulla bibendum                 id euismod urna sodales. """ 。

print "Original Size: {0}".format(len(string)) 。

compressed = zlib.compress(string) print "Compressed Size: {0}".format(len(compressed)) 。

decompressed = zlib.decompress(compressed) print "Decompressed Size: {0}".format(len(decompressed)) 。

# output 。

# Original Size: 1022 # Compressed Size: 423 # Decompressed Size: 1022 。

import atexit import time import math 。

  。

def microtime(get_as_float = False) :     if get_as_float:         return time.time()     else:         return '%f %d' % math.modf(time.time()) start_time = microtime(False) atexit.register(start_time) 。

def shutdown():     global start_time     print "Execution took: {0} seconds".format(start_time) 。

atexit.register(shutdown) 。

# Execution took: 0.297000 1387135607 seconds # Error in atexit._run_exitfuncs: # Traceback (most recent call last): #   File "C:\Python27\lib\atexit.py", line 24, in _run_exitfuncs #     func(*targs, **kargs) # TypeError: 'str' object is not callable # Error in sys.exitfunc: # Traceback (most recent call last): #   File "C:\Python27\lib\atexit.py", line 24, in _run_exitfuncs #     func(*targs, **kargs) # TypeError: 'str' object is not callable 。