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Java如何自定义异常打印非堆栈信息详解

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前言 。

在学习java的过程中,想必大家都一定学习过异常这个篇章,异常的基本特性和使用这里就不再多讲了。什么是异常?我不知道大家都是怎么去理解的,我的理解很简单,那就是不正常的情况,比如我现在是个男的,但是我却有着女人所独有的东西,在我看来这尼玛肯定是种异常,简直不能忍。想必大家都能够理解看懂,并正确使用.

但是,光学会基本异常处理和使用不够的,在工作中出现异常并不可怕,有时候是需要使用异常来驱动业务的处理,例如: 在使用唯一约束的数据库的时候,如果插入一条重复的数据,那么可以通过捕获唯一约束异常duplicatekeyexception来进行处理,这个时候,在server层中就可以向调用层抛出对应的状态,上层根据对应的状态再进行处理,所以有时候异常对业务来说,是一个驱动方式.

有的捕获异常之后会将异常进行输出,不知道细心的同学有没有注意到一点,输出的异常是什么东西呢?

下面来看一个常见的异常:

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java.lang.arithmeticexception: / by zero
  at greenhouse.exceptiontest.testexception(exceptiontest.java: 16 )
  at sun.reflect.nativemethodaccessorimpl.invoke0( native method)
  at sun.reflect.nativemethodaccessorimpl.invoke(nativemethodaccessorimpl.java: 39 )
  at sun.reflect.delegatingmethodaccessorimpl.invoke(delegatingmethodaccessorimpl.java: 25 )
  at java.lang.reflect.method.invoke(method.java: 597 )
  at org.junit.runners.model.frameworkmethod$ 1 .runreflectivecall(frameworkmethod.java: 44 )
  at org.junit.internal.runners.model.reflectivecallable.run(reflectivecallable.java: 15 )
  at org.junit.runners.model.frameworkmethod.invokeexplosively(frameworkmethod.java: 41 )
  at org.junit.internal.runners.statements.invokemethod.evaluate(invokemethod.java: 20 )
  at org.junit.runners.blockjunit4classrunner.runchild(blockjunit4classrunner.java: 76 )
  at org.junit.runners.blockjunit4classrunner.runchild(blockjunit4classrunner.java: 50 )
  at org.junit.runners.parentrunner$ 3 .run(parentrunner.java: 193 )
  at org.junit.runners.parentrunner$ 1 .schedule(parentrunner.java: 52 )
  at org.junit.runners.parentrunner.runchildren(parentrunner.java: 191 )
  at org.junit.runners.parentrunner.access$ 000 (parentrunner.java: 42 )
  at org.junit.runners.parentrunner$ 2 .evaluate(parentrunner.java: 184 )
  at org.junit.runners.parentrunner.run(parentrunner.java: 236 )
  at org.junit.runner.junitcore.run(junitcore.java: 157 )
  at com.intellij.junit4.junit4ideatestrunner.startrunnerwithargs(junit4ideatestrunner.java: 68 )
  at com.intellij.rt.execution.junit.ideatestrunner$repeater.startrunnerwithargs(ideatestrunner.java: 47 )
  at com.intellij.rt.execution.junit.junitstarter.preparestreamsandstart(junitstarter.java: 242 )
  at com.intellij.rt.execution.junit.junitstarter.main(junitstarter.java: 70 )

一个空指针异常

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java.lang.nullpointerexception
  at greenhouse.exceptiontest.testexception(exceptiontest.java: 16 )
  at sun.reflect.nativemethodaccessorimpl.invoke0( native method)
  at sun.reflect.nativemethodaccessorimpl.invoke(nativemethodaccessorimpl.java: 39 )
  at sun.reflect.delegatingmethodaccessorimpl.invoke(delegatingmethodaccessorimpl.java: 25 )
  at java.lang.reflect.method.invoke(method.java: 597 )
  at org.junit.runners.model.frameworkmethod$ 1 .runreflectivecall(frameworkmethod.java: 44 )
  at org.junit.internal.runners.model.reflectivecallable.run(reflectivecallable.java: 15 )
  at org.junit.runners.model.frameworkmethod.invokeexplosively(frameworkmethod.java: 41 )
  at org.junit.internal.runners.statements.invokemethod.evaluate(invokemethod.java: 20 )
  at org.junit.runners.blockjunit4classrunner.runchild(blockjunit4classrunner.java: 76 )
  at org.junit.runners.blockjunit4classrunner.runchild(blockjunit4classrunner.java: 50 )
  at org.junit.runners.parentrunner$ 3 .run(parentrunner.java: 193 )
  at org.junit.runners.parentrunner$ 1 .schedule(parentrunner.java: 52 )
  at org.junit.runners.parentrunner.runchildren(parentrunner.java: 191 )
  at org.junit.runners.parentrunner.access$ 000 (parentrunner.java: 42 )
  at org.junit.runners.parentrunner$ 2 .evaluate(parentrunner.java: 184 )
  at org.junit.runners.parentrunner.run(parentrunner.java: 236 )
  at org.junit.runner.junitcore.run(junitcore.java: 157 )
  at com.intellij.junit4.junit4ideatestrunner.startrunnerwithargs(junit4ideatestrunner.java: 68 )
  at com.intellij.rt.execution.junit.ideatestrunner$repeater.startrunnerwithargs(ideatestrunner.java: 47 )
  at com.intellij.rt.execution.junit.junitstarter.preparestreamsandstart(junitstarter.java: 242 )
  at com.intellij.rt.execution.junit.junitstarter.main(junitstarter.java: 70 )

大家有没有发现一个特点,就是异常的输出是中能够精确的输出异常出现的地点,还有后面一大堆的执行过程类调用,也都打印出来了,这些信息从哪儿来呢? 这些信息是从栈中获取的,在打印异常日志的时候,会从栈中去获取这些调用信息。能够精确的定位异常出现的异常当然是好,但是我们有时候考虑到程序的性能,以及一些需求时,我们有时候并不需要完全的打印这些信息,并且去方法调用栈中获取相应的信息,是有性能消耗的,对于一些性能要求高的程序,我们完全可以在这一个方面为程序性能做一个提升.

所以如何避免输出这些堆栈信息呢? 那么自定义异常就可以解决这个问题:

首先,自动异常需要继承runtimeexception, 然后,再通过是重写fillinstacktrace, tostring 方法, 例如,下面我定义一个appexception异常

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package com.green.monitor.common.exception;
import java.text.messageformat;
/**
  * 自定义异常类
  */
public class appexception extends runtimeexception {
  private boolean issuccess = false ;
  private string key;
  private string info;
  public appexception(string key) {
  super (key);
  this .key = key;
  this .info = key;
  }
  public appexception(string key, string message) {
  super (messageformat.format( "{0}[{1}]" , key, message));
  this .key = key;
  this .info = message;
  }
  public appexception(string message, string key, string info) {
  super (message);
  this .key = key;
  this .info = info;
  }
  public boolean issuccess() {
  return issuccess;
  }
  public string getkey() {
  return key;
  }
  public void setkey(string key) {
  this .key = key;
  }
  public string getinfo() {
  return info;
  }
  public void setinfo(string info) {
  this .info = info;
  }
  @override
  public throwable fillinstacktrace() {
  return this ;
  }
  @override
  public string tostring() {
  return messageformat.format( "{0}[{1}]" , this .key, this .info);
  }
}

那么为什么要重写fillinstacktrace, 和 tostring 方法呢? 我们首先来看源码是怎么一回事. 。

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public class runtimeexception extends exception {
  static final long serialversionuid = -7034897190745766939l;
  /** constructs a new runtime exception with <code>null</code> as its
  * detail message. the cause is not initialized, and may subsequently be
  * initialized by a call to {@link #initcause}.
  */
  public runtimeexception() {
  super ();
  }
  /** constructs a new runtime exception with the specified detail message.
  * the cause is not initialized, and may subsequently be initialized by a
  * call to {@link #initcause}.
  *
  * @param message the detail message. the detail message is saved for
  *  later retrieval by the {@link #getmessage()} method.
  */
  public runtimeexception(string message) {
  super (message);
  }
  /**
  * constructs a new runtime exception with the specified detail message and
  * cause. <p>note that the detail message associated with
  * <code>cause</code> is <i>not</i> automatically incorporated in
  * this runtime exception's detail message.
  *
  * @param message the detail message (which is saved for later retrieval
  *  by the {@link #getmessage()} method).
  * @param cause the cause (which is saved for later retrieval by the
  *  {@link #getcause()} method). (a <tt>null</tt> value is
  *  permitted, and indicates that the cause is nonexistent or
  *  unknown.)
  * @since 1.4
  */
  public runtimeexception(string message, throwable cause) {
  super (message, cause);
  }
  /** constructs a new runtime exception with the specified cause and a
  * detail message of <tt>(cause==null ? null : cause.tostring())</tt>
  * (which typically contains the class and detail message of
  * <tt>cause</tt>). this constructor is useful for runtime exceptions
  * that are little more than wrappers for other throwables.
  *
  * @param cause the cause (which is saved for later retrieval by the
  *  {@link #getcause()} method). (a <tt>null</tt> value is
  *  permitted, and indicates that the cause is nonexistent or
  *  unknown.)
  * @since 1.4
  */
  public runtimeexception(throwable cause) {
  super (cause);
  }
}

runtimeexception是继承exception,但是它里面去只是调用了父类的方法,本身是没有做什么其余的操作。那么继续看exception里面是怎么回事呢?

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public class exception extends throwable {
  static final long serialversionuid = -3387516993124229948l;
  /**
  * constructs a new exception with <code>null</code> as its detail message.
  * the cause is not initialized, and may subsequently be initialized by a
  * call to {@link #initcause}.
  */
  public exception() {
  super ();
  }
  /**
  * constructs a new exception with the specified detail message. the
  * cause is not initialized, and may subsequently be initialized by
  * a call to {@link #initcause}.
  *
  * @param message the detail message. the detail message is saved for
  *  later retrieval by the {@link #getmessage()} method.
  */
  public exception(string message) {
  super (message);
  }
  /**
  * constructs a new exception with the specified detail message and
  * cause. <p>note that the detail message associated with
  * <code>cause</code> is <i>not</i> automatically incorporated in
  * this exception's detail message.
  *
  * @param message the detail message (which is saved for later retrieval
  *  by the {@link #getmessage()} method).
  * @param cause the cause (which is saved for later retrieval by the
  *  {@link #getcause()} method). (a <tt>null</tt> value is
  *  permitted, and indicates that the cause is nonexistent or
  *  unknown.)
  * @since 1.4
  */
  public exception(string message, throwable cause) {
  super (message, cause);
  }
  /**
  * constructs a new exception with the specified cause and a detail
  * message of <tt>(cause==null ? null : cause.tostring())</tt> (which
  * typically contains the class and detail message of <tt>cause</tt>).
  * this constructor is useful for exceptions that are little more than
  * wrappers for other throwables (for example, {@link
  * java.security.privilegedactionexception}).
  *
  * @param cause the cause (which is saved for later retrieval by the
  *  {@link #getcause()} method). (a <tt>null</tt> value is
  *  permitted, and indicates that the cause is nonexistent or
  *  unknown.)
  * @since 1.4
  */
  public exception(throwable cause) {
  super (cause);
  }
}

从源码中可以看到, exception里面也是直接调用了父类的方法,和runtimeexception一样,自己其实并没有做什么。 那么直接来看throwable里面是怎么一回事

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public class throwable implements serializable {
  public throwable(string message) {
  fillinstacktrace();
  detailmessage = message;
  }
 
  /**
  * fills in the execution stack trace. this method records within this
  * <code>throwable</code> object information about the current state of
  * the stack frames for the current thread.
  *
  * @return a reference to this <code>throwable</code> instance.
  * @see java.lang.throwable#printstacktrace()
  */
  public synchronized native throwable fillinstacktrace();
 
  /**
  * provides programmatic access to the stack trace information printed by
  * {@link #printstacktrace()}. returns an array of stack trace elements,
  * each representing one stack frame. the zeroth element of the array
  * (assuming the array's length is non-zero) represents the top of the
  * stack, which is the last method invocation in the sequence. typically,
  * this is the point at which this throwable was created and thrown.
  * the last element of the array (assuming the array's length is non-zero)
  * represents the bottom of the stack, which is the first method invocation
  * in the sequence.
  *
  * <p>some virtual machines may, under some circumstances, omit one
  * or more stack frames from the stack trace. in the extreme case,
  * a virtual machine that has no stack trace information concerning
  * this throwable is permitted to return a zero-length array from this
  * method. generally speaking, the array returned by this method will
  * contain one element for every frame that would be printed by
  * <tt>printstacktrace</tt>.
  *
  * @return an array of stack trace elements representing the stack trace
  *  pertaining to this throwable.
  * @since 1.4
  */
  public stacktraceelement[] getstacktrace() {
  return (stacktraceelement[]) getourstacktrace().clone();
  }
  private synchronized stacktraceelement[] getourstacktrace() {
  // initialize stack trace if this is the first call to this method
  if (stacktrace == null ) {
   int depth = getstacktracedepth();
   stacktrace = new stacktraceelement[depth];
   for ( int i= 0 ; i < depth; i++)
   stacktrace[i] = getstacktraceelement(i);
  }
  return stacktrace;
  }
 
  /**
  * returns the number of elements in the stack trace (or 0 if the stack
  * trace is unavailable).
  *
  * package-protection for use by sharedsecrets.
  */
  native int getstacktracedepth();
  /**
  * returns the specified element of the stack trace.
  *
  * package-protection for use by sharedsecrets.
  *
  * @param index index of the element to return.
  * @throws indexoutofboundsexception if <tt>index < 0 ||
  *  index >= getstacktracedepth() </tt>
  */
  native stacktraceelement getstacktraceelement( int index);
 
  /**
  * returns a short description of this throwable.
  * the result is the concatenation of:
  * <ul>
  * <li> the {@linkplain class#getname() name} of the class of this object
  * <li> ": " (a colon and a space)
  * <li> the result of invoking this object's {@link #getlocalizedmessage}
  * method
  * </ul>
  * if <tt>getlocalizedmessage</tt> returns <tt>null</tt>, then just
  * the class name is returned.
  *
  * @return a string representation of this throwable.
  */
  public string tostring() {
  string s = getclass().getname();
  string message = getlocalizedmessage();
  return (message != null ) ? (s + ": " + message) : s;
  }

从源码中可以看到,到throwable就几乎到头了, 在fillinstacktrace() 方法是一个native方法,这方法也就是会调用底层的c语言,返回一个throwable对象, tostring 方法,返回的是throwable的简短描述信息, 并且在getstacktrace 方法和 getourstacktrace 中调用的都是native方法getstacktraceelement, 而这个方法是返回指定的栈元素信息,所以这个过程肯定是消耗性能的,那么我们自定义异常中的重写tostring方法和fillinstacktrace方法就可以不从栈中去获取异常信息,直接输出,这样对系统和程序来说,相对就没有那么”重”, 是一个优化性能的非常好的办法。那么如果出现自定义异常那么是什么样的呢?请看下面吧

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@test
  public void testexception(){
  try {
  string str = null ;
  system.out.println(str.charat( 0 ));
  } catch (exception e){
  throw new appexception( "000001" , "空指针异常" );
  }
  }

那么在异常异常的时候,系统将会打印我们自定义的异常信息

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000001 [空指针异常]
process finished with exit code - 1

所以特别简洁,优化了系统程序性能,让程序不这么“重”, 所以对于性能要求特别要求的系统。赶紧自己的自定义异常吧! 。

总结 。

以上就是这篇文章的全部内容了,希望本文的内容对大家的学习或者工作具有一定的参考学习价值,如果有疑问大家可以留言交流,谢谢大家对我的支持.

原文链接:https://wangchangchung.github.io/2018/04/18/Java自定义异常打印非堆栈信息/ 。

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