web-scraping - 如何根据亚马逊的位置抓取数据？

Question

每当我想在 amazon.com 上抓取时，我都会失败。因为产品信息会根据 amazon.com 中的位置而变化

这个变化信息如下；

• 1-价格
• 2-运费
• 3-海关费用
• 4-发货状态

用selenium改变位置很简单，但是处理速度很慢。所以这就是为什么我需要使用 scrapy 或 requests 进行抓取。

但是，虽然我在浏览器中模仿 cookie 和 header ，但 amazon.com 不允许我更改位置。

有两个大问题。

1. 有一个名为“ubid-main”的数据，我无法导出这个数据。这是没有数据的亚马逊。它不允许改变位置。
2. 虽然我对表头数据做同样的事情，但还是有区别的输出数据之间。示例:我在浏览器。但在浏览器中，Content-Type 是 json，但是在我制作的代码中，是text/html； charset = UTF-8 格式。

有趣的是，没有关于这个主题的信息。你不能对世界排名第一的购物网站进行面向位置的抓取。

请知道这个话题答案的人赐教。如果有scrapy或者requests这样的解决方案就足够了。说真的，我已经有 1 年没有解决这个问题了。

import requests
from lxml import etree
from random import choice
from urllib3.exceptions import InsecureRequestWarning
import urllib.parse
import urllib3.request
urllib3.disable_warnings(urllib3.exceptions.InsecureRequestWarning)

    

def location():
    headersdelivery = {
            'user-agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/88.0.4324.190 Safari/537.36',
            'content-type':'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
            'accept':'text/html,*/*',
            'x-requested-with':'XMLHttpRequest',
            'contenttype':'application/x-www-form-urlencoded;charset=utf-8',
            'origin':'https://www.amazon.com',
            'sec-fetch-site':'same-origin',
            'sec-fetch-mode':'cors',
            'sec-fetch-dest':'empty',
            'referer':'https://www.amazon.com/',
            'accept-encoding':'gzip, deflate, br',
            'accept-language':'tr-TR,tr;q=0.9,en-US;q=0.8,en;q=0.7'
            }

    payload = {
    'locationType':'LOCATION_INPUT',
    'zipCode':'34249',
    'storeContext':'generic',
    'deviceType':'web',
    'pageType':'Gateway',
    'actionSource':'glow',
    'almBrandId':'undefined'}


    sessionid = requests.session()
    url = "https://www.amazon.com/gp/delivery/ajax/address-change.html"
    ulkesecmereq = sessionid.post(url, headers=headersdelivery, data=payload,verify=False)

    return sessionid


def response(locationsession):
    headers = {
    'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/88.0.4324.190 Safari/537.36',
    'Accept': 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8',
    'Accept-Language': 'en-US,en;q=0.5',
    'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate, br',
    'Connection': 'keep-alive',
    'Upgrade-Insecure-Requests': '1',
    'TE': 'Trailers'}

    postdata = {
    'storeContext':'generic',
    'pageType':'Gateway'
    }
    req = locationsession.post("https://www.amazon.com/gp/glow/get-location-label.html",headers=headers, data=postdata, verify=False)
    print(req.content)


locationsession = location()
response(locationsession)

Answer 1

首先，您应该从亚马逊基础页面获取 token anti-csrftoken-a2z:

1. 使用特定的用户代理向 www.amazon.com 发出请求:Mozilla ...

2. 通过 XPATH 选择器获取 JSON 数据:

//span[@id='nav-global-location-data-modal-action']/@data-a-modal

来自此选择器的 JSON 示例:

{
  "width": 375,
  "closeButton": "false",
  "popoverLabel": "Choose your location",
  "ajaxHeaders": {
    "anti-csrftoken-a2z": "ajaxHeaders >> anti-csrftoken-a2z"
  },
  "name": "glow-modal",
  "url": "/gp/glow/get-address-selections.html?deviceType=desktop&pageType=Gateway&storeContext=NoStoreName&actionSource=desktop-modal",
  "footer": "<span class=\"a-declarative\" data-action=\"a-popover-close\" data-a-popover-close=\"{}\"><span class=\"a-button a-button-primary\"><span class=\"a-button-inner\"><button name=\"glowDoneButton\" class=\"a-button-text\" type=\"button\">Done</button></span></span></span>",
  "header": "Choose your location"
}

1. 为下一个请求制作 header :

headers = {
    "anti-csrftoken-a2z": `gMDCYRgjYFVWvjfmU70/qMURqYh7kAko11WlenYAAAAMAAAAAGGokFZyYXcAAAAA`,
    "user-agent": "Mozila ..."
}

1. 向链接发出请求:https://www.amazon.com/gp/glow/get-address-selections.html?deviceType=desktop&pageType=Gateway&storeContext=NoStoreName&actionSource=desktop-modal带有来自第 2 步的 header 和来自第 1 步的响应 cookie。

2. 从响应中提取 CSRF_TOKEN:正则表达式:'CSRF_TOKEN : "(.+?)"'

3. 为下一个请求制作 header :

headers = {
    "anti-csrftoken-a2z": "CSRF token from step 4",
    "user-agent": "Mozila ..."
}

6. 向以下位置发出 POST 请求:https://www.amazon.com/gp/delivery/ajax/address-change.html使用表单数据:

{
        "locationType": "LOCATION_INPUT",
        "zipCode": "zip-code",
        "storeContext": "generic",
        "deviceType": "web",
        "pageType": "Gateway",
        "actionSource": "glow",
        "almBrandId": "undefined",
}

带有来自第 5 步的 header 和来自第 3 步的响应 cookie。

如果所有文件都应该得到这样的响应:

{
    'isValidAddress': 1, 
    'isTransitOutOfAis': 0, 
    'address': {'locationType': 'LOCATION_INPUT', 'district': None, 
    'zipCode': '30322', 'addressId': None, 'isDefaultShippingAddress': 'false', 'obfuscatedId': None, 'isAccountAddress': 'false', 'state': 'GA', 
    'countryCode': 'US', 'addressLabel': None, 
    'city': 'ATLANTA', 'addressLine1': None}, 'sembuUpdated': 1
}

1. 保存第 6 步中的响应 cookie 并将它们用于进一步的请求

包含所有逻辑的 Python 脚本:

import json

import requests
from parsel import Selector

AMAZON_US_URL = "https://www.amazon.com/"
AMAZON_ADDRESS_CHANGE_URL = (
    "https://www.amazon.com/gp/delivery/ajax/address-change.html"
)
AMAZON_CSRF_TOKEN_URL = (
    "https://www.amazon.com/gp/glow/get-address-selections.html?deviceType=desktop"
    "&pageType=Gateway&storeContext=NoStoreName&actionSource=desktop-modal"
)
DEFAULT_USER_AGENT = (
    "Mozilla/5.0 ..."
)
DEFAULT_REQUEST_HEADERS = {"Accept-Language": "en", "User-Agent": DEFAULT_USER_AGENT}


def get_amazon_content(start_url: str, cookies: dict = None) -> tuple:
    response = requests.get(
        url=start_url, headers=DEFAULT_REQUEST_HEADERS, cookies=cookies
    )
    response.raise_for_status()
    return Selector(text=response.text), response.cookies


def get_ajax_token(content: Selector):
    data = content.xpath(
        "//span[@id='nav-global-location-data-modal-action']/@data-a-modal"
    ).get()
    if not data:
        raise ValueError("Invalid page content")
    json_data = json.loads(data)
    return json_data["ajaxHeaders"]["anti-csrftoken-a2z"]


def get_session_id(content: Selector):
    session_id = content.re_first(r'session: \{id: "(.+?)"')
    if not session_id:
        raise ValueError("Session id not found")
    return session_id


def get_token(content: Selector):
    csrf_token = content.re_first(r'CSRF_TOKEN : "(.+?)"')
    if not csrf_token:
        raise ValueError("CSRF token not found")
    return csrf_token


def send_change_location_request(zip_code: str, headers: dict, cookies: dict):
    response = requests.post(
        url=AMAZON_ADDRESS_CHANGE_URL,
        data={
            "locationType": "LOCATION_INPUT",
            "zipCode": zip_code,
            "storeContext": "generic",
            "deviceType": "web",
            "pageType": "Gateway",
            "actionSource": "glow",
            "almBrandId": "undefined",
        },
        headers=headers,
        cookies=cookies,
    )
    assert response.json()["isValidAddress"], "Invalid change response"
    return response.cookies


def get_session_cookies(zip_code: str):
    response = requests.get(url=AMAZON_US_URL, headers=DEFAULT_REQUEST_HEADERS)
    content = Selector(text=response.text)

    headers = {
        "anti-csrftoken-a2z": get_ajax_token(content=content),
        "user-agent": DEFAULT_USER_AGENT,
    }
    response = requests.get(
        url=AMAZON_CSRF_TOKEN_URL, headers=headers, cookies=response.cookies
    )
    content = Selector(text=response.text)

    headers = {
        "anti-csrftoken-a2z": get_token(content=content),
        "user-agent": DEFAULT_USER_AGENT,
    }
    send_change_location_request(
        zip_code=zip_code, headers=headers, cookies=dict(response.cookies)
    )
    # Verify that location changed correctly.
    response = requests.get(
        url=AMAZON_US_URL, headers=DEFAULT_REQUEST_HEADERS, cookies=response.cookies
    )
    content = Selector(text=response.text)
    location_label = content.css("span#glow-ingress-line2::text").get().strip()

    assert zip_code in location_label


if __name__ == "__main__":
    get_session_cookies(zip_code="30322")

另外，使用 Scrapy 框架的类似逻辑:

from http.cookies import SimpleCookie

from scrapy import FormRequest, Request, Spider
from scrapy.http import HtmlResponse


class AmazonSessionSpider(Spider):
    """
    Amazon spider for extracting location cookies.
    """

    name = "amazon.com:location-session"

    address_change_endpoint = "/gp/delivery/ajax/address-change.html"
    csrf_token_endpoint = (
        "/gp/glow/get-address-selections.html?deviceType=desktop"
        "&pageType=Gateway&storeContext=NoStoreName&actionSource=desktop-modal"
    )
    countries_base_urls = {
        "US": "https://www.amazon.com",
        "GB": "https://www.amazon.co.uk",
        "DE": "https://www.amazon.de",
        "ES": "https://www.amazon.es",
    }

    default_headers = {
        "sec-fetch-site": "none",
        "sec-fetch-dest": "document",
        "accept-language": "ru-RU,ru;q=0.9",
        "connection": "close",
    }

    def __init__(self, country: str, zip_code: str, *args, **kwargs):
        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
        self.country = country
        self.zip_code = zip_code

    def start_requests(self):
        """
        Make start request to main Amazon country page.
        """
        request = Request(
            url=self.countries_base_urls[self.country],
            headers=self.default_headers,
            callback=self.parse_ajax_token,
        )
        yield request

    def parse_ajax_token(self, response: HtmlResponse):
        """
        Parse ajax token from response.
        """
        yield response.request.replace(
            url=self.countries_base_urls[self.country] + self.csrf_token_endpoint,
            headers={
                "anti-csrftoken-a2z": self.get_ajax_token(response=response),
                **self.default_headers,
            },
            callback=self.parse_csrf_token,
        )

    def parse_csrf_token(self, response: HtmlResponse):
        """
        Parse CSRF token from response and make request to change Amazon location.
        """
        yield FormRequest(
            method="POST",
            url=self.countries_base_urls[self.country] + self.address_change_endpoint,
            formdata={
                "locationType": "LOCATION_INPUT",
                "zipCode": self.zip_code,
                "storeContext": "generic",
                "deviceType": "web",
                "pageType": "Gateway",
                "actionSource": "glow",
                "almBrandId": "undefined",
            },
            headers={
                "anti-csrftoken-a2z": self.get_csrf_token(response=response),
                **self.default_headers,
            },
            callback=self.parse_session_cookies,
        )

    def parse_session_cookies(self, response: HtmlResponse) -> dict:
        """
        Return cookies dict if location changed successfully.
        """
        json_data = response.json()
        if not json_data.get("isValidAddress"):
            return {}
        return self.extract_response_cookies(response=response)

    @staticmethod
    def get_ajax_token(response: HtmlResponse) -> str:
        """
        Extract ajax token from response.
        """
        data = response.xpath("//input[@id='glowValidationToken']/@value").get()
        if not data:
            raise ValueError("Invalid page content")
        return data

    @staticmethod
    def get_csrf_token(response: HtmlResponse) -> str:
        """
        Extract CSRF token from response.
        """
        csrf_token = response.css("script").re_first(r'CSRF_TOKEN : "(.+?)"')
        if not csrf_token:
            raise ValueError("CSRF token not found")
        return csrf_token

    @staticmethod
    def extract_response_cookies(response: HtmlResponse) -> dict:
        """
        Extract cookies from response object
        and return it in valid format.
        """
        cookies = {}
        cookie_headers = response.headers.getlist("Set-Cookie", [])
        for cookie_str in cookie_headers:
            cookie = SimpleCookie()
            cookie.load(cookie_str.decode("utf-8"))
            for key, raw_value in cookie.items():
                cookies[key] = raw_value.value
        return cookies

外壳命令:

 scrapy crawl amazon.com:location-session -a country=US -a zip_code=30332