F#:为什么使用外部函数版本比将函数作为参数传递更快

Question

使用直接外部函数的版本 (calc1) 大约需要 1 秒。

但是带有传递函数作为函数参数的版本(calc2)需要大约 2 秒，即慢 2 倍。为什么？

open System.Diagnostics
open System.Numerics

let width = 1920
let height = 1200
let xMin = -2.0
let xMax = 1.0
let yMin = -1.0
let yMax = 1.0
let scaleX x = float x * (xMax - xMin) / float width + xMin
let scaleY y = float y * (yMax - yMin) / float height - yMax

let fn (z:Complex) (c:Complex) = z * z + c

let calc1 width height =
    let iterFn z c =
        let rec iterFn' (z:Complex) c n =
            if z.Magnitude > 2.0 || n >= 255 then n
            else iterFn' (fn z c) c (n + 1)
        iterFn' z c 0

    Array.Parallel.init (width * height) (fun i ->
        let x, y = i % width, i / width
        let z, c = Complex.Zero, Complex(scaleX x, scaleY y)
        (x, y, iterFn z c)
    )

let calc2 width height fn =
    let iterFn z c =
        let rec iterFn' (z:Complex) c n =
            if z.Magnitude > 2.0 || n >= 255 then n
            else iterFn' (fn z c) c (n + 1)
        iterFn' z c 0

    Array.Parallel.init (width * height) (fun i ->
        let x, y = i % width, i / width
        let z, c = Complex.Zero, Complex(scaleX x, scaleY y)
        (x, y, iterFn z c)
    )

在F#交互中执行得到如下结果:

> calc1 width height |> ignore
Real: 00:00:00.943, CPU: 00:00:03.046, GC gen0: 10, gen1: 8, gen2: 2
val it : unit = ()

> calc2 width height fn |> ignore
Real: 00:00:02.033, CPU: 00:00:07.484, GC gen0: 9, gen1: 8, gen2: 1
val it : unit = ()

F# 4.0.1、.NET 4.6.1

Answer 1

我怀疑在第一种情况下，fn是内联的。

将其作为参数传递可防止发生此优化，因此速度较慢