python - 如何为 matplotlib : Font family ['cursive' ] not found 安装草书字体

Question

当尝试在 Ubuntu 20.04 上运行脚本(在下面的最小工作示例中给出)时，它使用 matplotlib 中的草书字体，我收到了 matplotlib 警告:

findfont: Font family ['cursive'] not found. Falling back to DejaVu Sans.

这告诉我，我没有 matplotlib 想要用于 the cursive font family 的任何草书字体.当 matplotlib 的字体管理器或 fc-list

找不到任何草书字体时，这似乎在下面的最小失败示例中得到了证实

# on my local machine
$ fc-list : family | grep -i "chancery\|textile\|sand\|script\|felipa\|cursive"
URW Chancery L
Free Chancery

如何以编程方式在 Ubuntu 上查找和安装这些字体？我知道我可以在 Internet 上搜索免费版本，但如果我想将它们放在 Docker 镜像上，我该如何通过 apt-get 等 CLI API 安装它们？

最小失败示例

对于以下Dockerfile

FROM ubuntu:20.04

RUN apt-get update -y && \
    apt-get install -y \
        fontconfig \
        fonts-dejavu \
        fonts-freefont-ttf \
        python3 \
        python3-dev \
        python3-pip \
        python3-venv \
        vim && \
        apt-get -y autoclean && \
        apt-get -y autoremove && \
        rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*

RUN python3 -m pip install --upgrade --no-cache-dir pip setuptools wheel && \
    python3 -m pip install --no-cache-dir "matplotlib~=3.3" && \
    python3 -m pip list && \
    python3 -c "import matplotlib.pyplot" # generate font list cache

ENV MPLCONFIGDIR /tmp/.config # make writeable to non-root user

WORKDIR /code

COPY example.py example.py

与 example.py 的

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib.font_manager


def make_plot(font_family):
    fig, ax = plt.subplots()
    x = np.linspace(0, 10, 101)
    y = np.square(x)
    ax.plot(x, y)
    ax.semilogy()

    ax.set_xlabel("$x$")
    ax.set_ylabel("$x^2$")
    ax.set_title(f"Default matplotlib settings for {font_family} font family")

    return fig, ax


def main():

    image_types = ["pdf", "png"]
    for font_family in ["sans-serif", "serif", "cursive"]:
        plt.rcParams.update({"font.family": font_family})
        fig, ax = make_plot(font_family=font_family)

        for type in image_types:
            fig.savefig(f"family_{font_family}.{type}")

    cursive_family = matplotlib.rcParams["font.cursive"]
    print(f"\nmatplotlib cursive family: {cursive_family}")
    tff_fonts = sorted(
        set([font.name for font in matplotlib.font_manager.fontManager.ttflist])
    )
    afm_fonts = sorted(
        set([font.name for font in matplotlib.font_manager.fontManager.afmlist])
    )
    all_fonts = sorted(set([*tff_fonts, *afm_fonts]))
    print(f"\ntff fonts: {tff_fonts}")
    print(f"\nafm fonts: {afm_fonts}")
    print(f"\nall fonts: {all_fonts}")
    found_cursive_fonts = [font for font in cursive_family if font in all_fonts]
    print(f"\nfound cursive fonts: {found_cursive_fonts}")


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

如果用

docker build . \
--pull \
-f Dockerfile \
-t matplotlib-cursive-fonts-question:debug-local

然后运行

$ docker run --rm --user 1000:1000 -v $PWD:$PWD -w $PWD matplotlib-cursive-fonts-question:debug-local /bin/bash -c "python3 /code/example.py"
findfont: Font family ['cursive'] not found. Falling back to DejaVu Sans.
findfont: Font family ['cursive'] not found. Falling back to DejaVu Sans.

matplotlib cursive family: ['Apple Chancery', 'Textile', 'Zapf Chancery', 'Sand', 'Script MT', 'Felipa', 'cursive']

tff fonts: ['DejaVu Math TeX Gyre', 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Sans Display', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'DejaVu Serif', 'DejaVu Serif Display', 'FreeMono', 'FreeSans', 'FreeSerif', 'STIXGeneral', 'STIXNonUnicode', 'STIXSizeFiveSym', 'STIXSizeFourSym', 'STIXSizeOneSym', 'STIXSizeThreeSym', 'STIXSizeTwoSym', 'cmb10', 'cmex10', 'cmmi10', 'cmr10', 'cmss10', 'cmsy10', 'cmtt10']

afm fonts: ['Computer Modern', 'Courier', 'Helvetica', 'ITC Avant Garde Gothic', 'ITC Bookman', 'ITC Zapf Chancery', 'ITC Zapf Dingbats', 'New Century Schoolbook', 'Palatino', 'Symbol', 'Times', 'Utopia', 'ZapfDingbats']

all fonts: ['Computer Modern', 'Courier', 'DejaVu Math TeX Gyre', 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Sans Display', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'DejaVu Serif', 'DejaVu Serif Display', 'FreeMono', 'FreeSans', 'FreeSerif', 'Helvetica', 'ITC Avant Garde Gothic', 'ITC Bookman', 'ITC Zapf Chancery', 'ITC Zapf Dingbats', 'New Century Schoolbook', 'Palatino', 'STIXGeneral', 'STIXNonUnicode', 'STIXSizeFiveSym', 'STIXSizeFourSym', 'STIXSizeOneSym', 'STIXSizeThreeSym', 'STIXSizeTwoSym', 'Symbol', 'Times', 'Utopia', 'ZapfDingbats', 'cmb10', 'cmex10', 'cmmi10', 'cmr10', 'cmss10', 'cmsy10', 'cmtt10']

found cursive fonts: []

和

docker run --rm --user 1000:1000 -v $PWD:$PWD -w $PWD matplotlib-cursive-fonts-question:debug-local /bin/bash -c "fc-list : family | grep -i 'chancery\|textile\|sand\|script\|felipa\|cursive'"

什么都不返回。

问题

如何以编程方式为 matplotlib(在 Ubuntu 20.04 上)找到并安装所需的草书字体？

相关链接

• GitHub Gist that contains all of this code for this Stack Overflow question

Answer 1

似乎没有明确的方法可以从任何 Ubuntu PPA 获取这些字体，可以做的是直接下载 Felipa ，草书字体系列字体之一，来自 Google Fonts。这就是 maptlotlib 团队在 mpl-docker testing Docker image 中所做的.

所以对于我本地机器上的程序化解决方案，我能做的只是

mkdir -p ~/.local/share/fonts/truetype/felipa
wget --no-clobber https://github.com/google/fonts/blob/master/ofl/felipa/Felipa-Regular.ttf?raw=true -O ~/.local/share/fonts/truetype/felipa/Felipa-Regular.ttf
fc-cache --force --verbose # rebuild font cache for system
rm -rf ~/.cache/matplotlib/* # remove the matplotlib cache to force rebuild

虽然这不是必需的，但我还制作了一个符号链接(symbolic link)到我的其余字体用于簿记的位置

sudo ln -s "${HOME}/.local/share/fonts/truetype/felipa" /usr/share/fonts/truetype/felipa

当然，虽然这是程序化的，但如果您在本地计算机上并且具有交互功能，那么访问 the Google Fonts page for Felipa 可能会更好/更容易，在本地下载字体系列 zip 文件并解压，然后用 Ubuntu font manager 打开 Felipa-Regular.ttf让它为您安装。

为了给出此工作的可重现示例，我已将原始 Dockerfile 编辑为 wget Felipa，如上所述，然后还创建了一个非 root 用户“docker”，使容器都运行为默认情况下为非 root 用户，并避免在使用 --user 1000:1000 运行时出现 HOME 用户较少的问题。有多种方法可以使这个 Dockerfile 更紧凑，但我将在这个示例中通过大小优化提高可读性。

FROM ubuntu:20.04

RUN apt-get update -y && \
    apt-get install -y \
        fontconfig \
        fonts-dejavu \
        fonts-freefont-ttf \
        python3 \
        python3-dev \
        python3-pip \
        python3-venv \
        vim \
        wget && \
        apt-get -y autoclean && \
        apt-get -y autoremove && \
        rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*

RUN python3 -m pip install --upgrade --no-cache-dir pip setuptools wheel && \
    python3 -m pip install --no-cache-dir "matplotlib~=3.3" && \
    python3 -m pip list

# Create user "docker"
RUN useradd -m docker && \
    cp /root/.bashrc /home/docker/
ENV HOME /home/docker

# felipa provides a cursive font
RUN mkdir -p "${HOME}/.local/share/fonts/truetype/felipa" && \
    wget --no-clobber "https://github.com/google/fonts/blob/master/ofl/felipa/Felipa-Regular.ttf?raw=true" -O "${HOME}/.local/share/fonts/truetype/felipa/Felipa-Regular.ttf" && \
    ln -s "${HOME}/.local/share/fonts/truetype/felipa" /usr/share/fonts/truetype/felipa && \
    fc-cache --force --verbose

WORKDIR /code

COPY example.py example.py

# give non-root user docker ownership of files
RUN chown -R --from=root docker /home/docker && \
    chown -R --from=root docker /code
USER docker

# Create font list cache and config dir
RUN python3 -c "import matplotlib.pyplot"

像以前一样重建此 Docker 镜像，然后允许以下操作在没有警告或错误的情况下运行

$ docker run --rm -v $PWD:$PWD -w $PWD matplotlib-cursive-fonts-question:debug-local /bin/bash -c "python3 /code/example.py"

matplotlib cursive family: ['Apple Chancery', 'Textile', 'Zapf Chancery', 'Sand', 'Script MT', 'Felipa', 'cursive']

tff fonts: ['DejaVu Math TeX Gyre', 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Sans Display', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'DejaVu Serif', 'DejaVu Serif Display', 'Felipa', 'FreeMono', 'FreeSans', 'FreeSerif', 'STIXGeneral', 'STIXNonUnicode', 'STIXSizeFiveSym', 'STIXSizeFourSym', 'STIXSizeOneSym', 'STIXSizeThreeSym', 'STIXSizeTwoSym', 'cmb10', 'cmex10', 'cmmi10', 'cmr10', 'cmss10', 'cmsy10', 'cmtt10']

afm fonts: ['Computer Modern', 'Courier', 'Helvetica', 'ITC Avant Garde Gothic', 'ITC Bookman', 'ITC Zapf Chancery', 'ITC Zapf Dingbats', 'New Century Schoolbook', 'Palatino', 'Symbol', 'Times', 'Utopia', 'ZapfDingbats']

all fonts: ['Computer Modern', 'Courier', 'DejaVu Math TeX Gyre', 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Sans Display', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'DejaVu Serif', 'DejaVu Serif Display', 'Felipa', 'FreeMono', 'FreeSans', 'FreeSerif', 'Helvetica', 'ITC Avant Garde Gothic', 'ITC Bookman', 'ITC Zapf Chancery', 'ITC Zapf Dingbats', 'New Century Schoolbook', 'Palatino', 'STIXGeneral', 'STIXNonUnicode', 'STIXSizeFiveSym', 'STIXSizeFourSym', 'STIXSizeOneSym', 'STIXSizeThreeSym', 'STIXSizeTwoSym', 'Symbol', 'Times', 'Utopia', 'ZapfDingbats', 'cmb10', 'cmex10', 'cmmi10', 'cmr10', 'cmss10', 'cmsy10', 'cmtt10']

found cursive fonts: ['Felipa']

为 family_cursive.png 生成此图: