assembly - 'push imm'如何编码？

Question

<< Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual Volume 2B: Instruction Set Reference, N-Z>> 说:

| Opcode* | Instruction | Op/En | 64-Bit Mode | Compat/Leg Mode | Description |
|      6A | PUSH imm8   | C     | Valid       | Valid           | Push imm8.  |
|      68 | PUSH imm16  | C     | Valid       | Valid           | Push imm16. |
|      68 | PUSH imm32  | C     | Valid       | Valid           | Push imm32. |

#cat -n 测试.asm

 1  bits 64
 2
 3  push byte 12
 4  push word 12
 5  push dword 12
 6  push qword 12
 7

#nasm 测试.asm

 test.asm:5: error: instruction not supported in 64-bit mode

1. 为什么第 5 行是非法的？我认为它匹配“PUSH imm32”。

2. 为什么第 6 行是合法的？它与“PUSH imm8/PUSH imm16/PUSH imm32”中的任何一个都不匹配。

请帮帮我!

======测试======

    I think that the Intel manual is right, the 'push imm' 
    instructions do have three encoding form:
    Form 1: 6a XX
    Form 2: 66 68 XX XX 
    Form 3: 68 XX XX XX XX

    What we are arguing is the implemental specific behavior of the NASM.

    In NASM 2.04rc1(the above example I given):
    1. The 'byte' in 'push byte imm' direct the NASM use the Form 1, 
       no matter how long the imm given in the instruction it is, the imm
       was trunked to a byte in final machine code. 
    2. The 'word' in 'push word imm' direct the NASM use the Form 2,
       no matter how long the imm given in the instruction it is, the imm 
       was trucked or zero-extended to a word in final machine code.
    3. The 'qword' in 'push dword imm' direct the NASM use the Form 3,
       no matter how long the imm given in the instruction it is, the imm 
       was trucked or zero-extended to a dword in final machine code.
       Note: the 'qword' in the instruction but 'dword' in final machine
       code, which made us confused.
    4. if none of 'byte', 'word', 'qword' is given, the NASM use the From 3.

请看下面的例子:

# cat -n push.asm
1  bits 64
2
3  push byte 0x21
4  push byte 0x4321
5
6  push word 0x4321
7  push word 0x654321
8
9  push qword 0x654321
10
11  push 0x21
12  push 0x4321
13  push 0x654321
14  push 0x87654321
15  push 0xa987654321
16
# nasm -v
NASM version 2.04rc1 compiled on Feb 21 2009
# nasm push.asm -o push.bin
push.asm:4: warning: signed byte value exceeds bounds
push.asm:7: warning: word data exceeds bounds
# ndisasm -b 32 push.bin // 'ndisasm -b 64 push.bin' not works right in this version of NASM.
00000000  6A21              push byte +0x21
00000002  6A21              push byte +0x21
00000004  66682143          push word 0x4321
00000008  66682143          push word 0x4321
0000000C  6821436500        push dword 0x654321
00000011  6821000000        push dword 0x21
00000016  6821430000        push dword 0x4321
0000001B  6821436500        push dword 0x654321
00000020  6821436587        push dword 0x87654321
00000025  6821436587        push dword 0x87654321

In newer NASM, the behavior changes:
(1) 'push 0x21' was encoded to '6A21' in NASM 2.10.01,
    while '6821000000' in NASM 2.04rc1; 
(2)'push dword 0x654321' in 64 bit mode was allowed 
    in NASM 2.10.01 and encoded to '6821436500'

Answer 1

说明书错了。 (顺便说一句，这不是唯一的错误)

在 64 位模式下，没有 32 位推送。 push 是少数没有 REX.W 前缀的升级到 64 位的指令之一，您不能将其降级。

编辑:实际上，我的手册版本说的是正确的:

Push sign-extended imm32. Stack pointer is decremented by the size of stack pointer.

所以在 64 位模式下，这转化为“压入一个 qword，符号从立即数扩展”。