python - 辛普森规则整合负区域

Question

使用 simpson's rule 库中的 scipy.integrate 时遇到问题。即使所有数字均为正且 x 轴上的值从左到右增加，计算的面积有时也会为负。例如:

from scipy.integrate import simps

x = [0.0, 99.0, 100.0, 299.0, 400.0, 600.0, 1700.0, 3299.0, 3300.0, 3399.0, 3400.0, 3599.0, 3699.0, 3900.0,
    4000.0, 4300.0, 4400.0, 4900.0, 5000.0, 5100.0, 5300.0, 5500.0, 5700.0, 5900.0, 6100.0, 6300.0, 6600.0,
    6900.0, 7200.0, 7600.0, 7799.0, 8000.0, 8400.0, 8900.0, 9400.0, 10000.0, 10600.0, 11300.0, 11699.0,
    11700.0, 11799.0]

y = [3399.68, 3399.68, 3309.76, 3309.76, 3274.95, 3234.34, 3203.88, 3203.88, 3843.5,
     3843.5,  4893.57, 4893.57, 4893.57, 4847.16, 4764.49, 4867.46, 4921.13, 4886.32,
     4761.59, 4731.13, 4689.07, 4649.91, 4610.75, 4578.84, 4545.48, 4515.02, 4475.86,
     4438.15, 4403.34, 4364.18, 4364.18, 4327.92, 4291.66, 4258.31, 4226.4,  4188.69,
     4152.43, 4120.52, 4120.52, 3747.77, 3747.77]

area = simps(y,x)

simps(y,x) 返回的结果是 -226271544.06562585 。为什么是负面的？这仅在某些情况下发生，而在其他情况下它工作正常。例如:

x = [0.0, 100.0, 101.0, 200.0, 300.0, 400.0, 500.0, 600.0, 700.0, 1300.0, 3300.0, 3400.0, 3600.0, 3700.0,
    5100.0, 5200.0, 5400.0, 5600.0, 5800.0, 6000.0, 6200.0, 6400.0, 6600.0, 6900.0, 7200.0, 7500.0, 7900.0,
    8299.0, 8400.0, 8900.0, 9400.0, 10000.0, 10600.0, 11200.0, 11900.0, 12600.0, 13500.0, 14300.0, 15300.0,
    16400.0, 16499.0, 17500.0, 18900.0, 20100.0, 20999.0, 21000.0, 21099.0]

y = [2813.73, 2813.73, 3200.98, 3309.76, 3356.17, 3296.71, 3243.04, 3243.04, 3198.08, 3161.82, 3488.16,
     4929.83, 4897.92, 4897.92, 4763.04, 4726.78, 4680.37, 4638.31, 4597.69, 4561.44, 4525.18, 4494.72,
     4464.26, 4426.55, 4388.84, 4354.03, 4316.32, 4316.32, 4275.71, 4239.45, 4203.19, 4171.28, 4136.47,
     4104.57, 4074.11, 4042.2, 4011.74, 3979.83, 3949.38, 3918.92, 3918.92, 3887.01, 3855.1, 3824.64,
     3824.64,3605.64, 3605.64]

area = simps(y,x)

本例中的区域为正 83849670.99112588 。

这是什么原因？

Answer 1

问题是 simpson 是如何工作的，它对可能的最佳二次函数进行估计，使用像你这样的一些数据，其中有一个几乎垂直的区域，操作是错误的。

import numpy as np
from scipy.integrate import simps, trapz
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from scipy.optimize import curve_fit

def func(x, a, b, c):
    return a + b * x + c * x ** 2

x = np.array([0.0, 99.0, 100.0, 299.0, 400.0, 600.0, 1700.0, 3299.0, 3300.0, 3399.0, 3400.0, 3599.0, 3699.0, 3900.0,
    4000.0, 4300.0, 4400.0, 4900.0, 5000.0, 5100.0, 5300.0, 5500.0, 5700.0, 5900.0, 6100.0, 6300.0, 6600.0,
    6900.0, 7200.0, 7600.0, 7799.0, 8000.0, 8400.0, 8900.0, 9400.0, 10000.0, 10600.0, 11300.0, 11699.0,
    11700.0, 11799.0])

y = np.array([3399.68, 3399.68, 3309.76, 3309.76, 3274.95, 3234.34, 3203.88, 3203.88, 3843.5,
     3843.5,  4893.57, 4893.57, 4893.57, 4847.16, 4764.49, 4867.46, 4921.13, 4886.32,
     4761.59, 4731.13, 4689.07, 4649.91, 4610.75, 4578.84, 4545.48, 4515.02, 4475.86,
     4438.15, 4403.34, 4364.18, 4364.18, 4327.92, 4291.66, 4258.31, 4226.4,  4188.69,
     4152.43, 4120.52, 4120.52, 3747.77, 3747.77])

for i in range(3,len(x)):
    popt, _ = curve_fit(func, x[i-3:i], y[i-3:i])
    xnew = np.linspace(x[i-3], x[i-1], 100)
    plt.plot(xnew, func(xnew, *popt), 'k-')

plt.plot(x, y)
plt.show()