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python - 在 Python 中使用自定义异常动态扩展异常?

转载 作者:行者123 更新时间:2023-12-04 13:32:26 24 4
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假设我有一个特殊的异常(exception),它做了一些整洁而美妙的事情 - 解决世界饥饿、对人类的善意、伐木等:

class SpecialException(Exception):
# Does something really neat here.
pass
现在假设可能会引发异常,但我们不知道会遇到什么类型的异常:
def crashAndBurn():
try:
import random
choice = random.choice([1,2])
if choice == 1:
int('asdf') # Can't cast string to int: ValueError.
else:
x # Variable `x` doesn't exist: NameError.
except Exception as e:
# Code to wrap `e` into `SpecialException` class
raise e
当引发未知类型的异常时,我们想要捕获它,将它包装在我们的 SpecialException 中。类,并提升它以便它可以被抛出的原始类型的异常捕获,或者通过捕获 SpecialException :
try:
crashAndBurn()
except ValueError as e:
print('This time it was a ValueError, and we want to handle this differently for some reason')
except SpecialException as e:
print('Handle this more generically')

关于如何(合理)解决这个问题的任何建议?
总之,我们需要:
  • 能够捕获最初引发的异常,并能够捕获 SpecialException
  • 保留回溯以便于调试
  • 包含原始异常的错误消息

  • 我试过的:
    尝试使用 raise SpecialException from e .虽然我们能够从最初引发的异常中查看错误消息和回溯,但我们不再能够通过最初抛出的异常类型来捕获它... 例如:我们可以捕获 SpecialException ,但抓不到 ValueError :
    def crashAndBurn():
    try:
    int('asdf') # ValueError
    except Exception as e:
    raise SpecialException('Special Exception Encountered').with_traceback(e.__traceback__) from e

    try:
    crashAndBurn()
    except ValueError as e:
    print('This will never be encountered')
    except SpecialException as e:
    print('This will be encountered, when we wanted it to be handled above')
    然而,我们在技术上获得的最接近的满足了我们的需求:
  • 虽然引发的异常可以被捕获为 SpecialExceptionValueError ,它实际上是作为另一个一次性使用类提出的:DynamicSpecialException
  • 这真的很恶心,而且看起来非常不 Pythonic
  • def crashAndBurn():
    try:
    int('asdf') # ValueError
    except Exception as e:
    class DynamicSpecialException(SpecialException, e.__class__):
    pass # I feel dirty
    raise DynamicSpecialException('Special Exception Encountered').with_traceback(e.__traceback__)

    try:
    crashAndBurn()
    except ValueError as e:
    print('Caught as a ValueError!')

    try:
    crashAndBurn()
    except SpecialException as e:
    print('Caught as SpecialException!')
    我真正期待找到的是类似于 raise e.extend(SpecialException) 的东西。或 raise SpecialException.from(e) - 而不是这个兔子洞,我今天似乎摆动了下来! :)

    最佳答案

    这里有点小题大做。它似乎可以完成您想要的大部分工作,只是它附加了特殊工厂处理的堆栈跟踪。
    我学到的是你不能交换异常类,e.__class__ = <dynamic class> ,您必须创建一个新的并提高它。

    import pdb
    from traceback import print_exc as xp
    import sys

    def cpdb():
    """ put `pdb` on commmand line to halt execution in debugger """
    return "pdb" in sys.argv



    class SpecialException(Exception):

    def solve_world_hunger(self):
    print(f"eat more 🦄")

    def specialfactory(e):
    """ creates a class dynamically and keeps the original as a base"""
    cls_ = type("SpecialException", (SpecialException, e.__class__),{})
    e2 = cls_(str(e))
    e2.ori = e
    e2.__dict__.update(**e.__dict__)

    # 👇 you can try different flavors to see what changes:
    # basically, I haven't found a way to suppress `The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:`
    # see also https://stackoverflow.com/questions/33809864/disable-exception-chaining-in-python-3

    # return e2
    # raise e2. raise specialfactory(e).with_traceback(e.__traceback__) from e
    # raise e2 from e
    raise e2.with_traceback(e.__traceback__) from e


    def crashAndBurn(no_special=False, custom_message=None):
    try:

    if custom_message:
    exc = ValueError(custom_message)
    exc.foo = "bar"
    raise exc

    int('asdf') # ValueError
    except Exception as e:
    if no_special:
    #just to investigate what things look like for a plain ValueError
    raise
    # raise specialfactory(e).with_traceback(e.__traceback__) from e
    raise specialfactory(e) from e



    #################################################################
    # check what a regular unchanged ValueError looks like
    #################################################################

    try:
    print("\n\n\n🔬regular ValueError, unchanged")
    crashAndBurn(no_special=1)
    except ValueError as e:
    if cpdb(): pdb.set_trace()
    print(f' plain ValueError: {e}')
    xp()
    except SpecialException as e:
    if cpdb(): pdb.set_trace()
    print(f' Caught as a SpecialException!: {e}')
    xp()

    #################################################################
    # catch a Special as a ValueError
    #################################################################


    try:
    print("\n\n\n🔬ValueError ")
    crashAndBurn()
    except ValueError as e:
    if cpdb(): pdb.set_trace()
    print(f' Caught as a ValueError! {e}')
    xp()
    except SpecialException as e:
    if cpdb(): pdb.set_trace()
    print(f' Caught as a SpecialException! {e}')
    xp()

    #################################################################
    # catch a Special
    #################################################################



    try:
    print("\n\n\n🔬SpecialException handling")
    crashAndBurn()
    except SpecialException as e:
    if cpdb(): pdb.set_trace()
    print(f' Caught as a SpecialException! {e} {e.solve_world_hunger()}')
    xp()
    except ValueError as e:
    if cpdb(): pdb.set_trace()
    print(f' Caught as a ValueError! {e}')
    xp()

    #################################################################
    # custom variables are still available
    #################################################################

    try:
    print("\n\n\n🔬ValueError with custom_message/content ")
    crashAndBurn(custom_message="my custom_message")
    except SpecialException as e:
    if cpdb(): pdb.set_trace()
    print(f' Caught as a SpecialException! {e} {e.foo=} {e.solve_world_hunger()}')
    xp()
    except ValueError as e:
    if cpdb(): pdb.set_trace()
    print(f' Caught as a ValueError! {e}')
    xp()

    输出:
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    File "test_183.py", line 57, in <module>
    crashAndBurn(no_special=1)
    File "test_183.py", line 41, in crashAndBurn
    int('asdf') # ValueError
    ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: 'asdf'
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    File "test_183.py", line 41, in crashAndBurn
    int('asdf') # ValueError
    ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: 'asdf'

    The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:

    Traceback (most recent call last):
    File "test_183.py", line 74, in <module>
    crashAndBurn()
    File "test_183.py", line 47, in crashAndBurn
    raise specialfactory(e) from e
    File "test_183.py", line 30, in specialfactory
    raise e2.with_traceback(e.__traceback__) from e
    File "test_183.py", line 41, in crashAndBurn
    int('asdf') # ValueError
    SpecialException: invalid literal for int() with base 10: 'asdf'
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    File "test_183.py", line 41, in crashAndBurn
    int('asdf') # ValueError
    ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: 'asdf'

    The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:

    Traceback (most recent call last):
    File "test_183.py", line 92, in <module>
    crashAndBurn()
    File "test_183.py", line 47, in crashAndBurn
    raise specialfactory(e) from e
    File "test_183.py", line 30, in specialfactory
    raise e2.with_traceback(e.__traceback__) from e
    File "test_183.py", line 41, in crashAndBurn
    int('asdf') # ValueError
    SpecialException: invalid literal for int() with base 10: 'asdf'
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    File "test_183.py", line 39, in crashAndBurn
    raise exc
    ValueError: my custom_message

    The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:

    Traceback (most recent call last):
    File "test_183.py", line 108, in <module>
    crashAndBurn(custom_message="my custom_message")
    File "test_183.py", line 47, in crashAndBurn
    raise specialfactory(e) from e
    File "test_183.py", line 30, in specialfactory
    raise e2.with_traceback(e.__traceback__) from e
    File "test_183.py", line 39, in crashAndBurn
    raise exc
    SpecialException: my custom_message



    🔬regular ValueError, unchanged
    plain ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: 'asdf'



    🔬ValueError
    Caught as a ValueError! invalid literal for int() with base 10: 'asdf'



    🔬SpecialException handling
    eat more 🦄
    Caught as a SpecialException! invalid literal for int() with base 10: 'asdf' None



    🔬ValueError with custom_message/content
    eat more 🦄
    Caught as a SpecialException! my custom_message e.foo='bar' None

    关于python - 在 Python 中使用自定义异常动态扩展异常?,我们在Stack Overflow上找到一个类似的问题: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/64218275/

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