qt - QML 不拥有从 PyQt 插槽接收的对象的所有权

Question

从 QML 调用 Python 函数的正确方法是什么，该函数将实例化并将对象返回给 QML，并使 QML 端负责对象的生命周期？我面临的问题是对象在到达 QML 之前就被垃圾收集了。

请注意，我不想在 Python 端保留对对象的显式引用，根据以下来自 the documentation 的引用我正在寻找的甚至应该是默认行为:

When data is transferred from C++ to QML, the ownership of the data always remains with C++. The exception to this rule is when a QObject is returned from an explicit C++ method call: in this case, the QML engine assumes ownership of the object...

我创建了一个最小的可运行示例来演示问题( gist link ):

主要.py:

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

import os
import sys
import signal
from PyQt5.QtGui import QGuiApplication
from PyQt5.QtQuick import QQuickView
from PyQt5.QtCore import QUrl, QObject, QVariant, pyqtSlot
from PyQt5.QtQml import QQmlEngine, qmlRegisterType


class Dummy(QObject):

    def __del__(self):
        print("Deleted")


class GUIEntryPoint(QObject):

    @pyqtSlot(result=QVariant)
    def get_foo(self):
        foo = Dummy()
        print("Created {}".format(foo))
        print("Ownership after instantiation: {}".format(QQmlEngine.objectOwnership(foo)))
        #QQmlEngine.setObjectOwnership(foo, 1)  # has no effect
        return foo

    @pyqtSlot(QVariant)
    def print_foo(self, foo):
        print("{}, ownership: {}".format(foo, QQmlEngine.objectOwnership(foo)))


def run():
    signal.signal(signal.SIGINT, signal.SIG_DFL)

    app = QGuiApplication(sys.argv)

    # these don't seem to make a difference
    qmlRegisterType(GUIEntryPoint, 'GUIEntryPoint', 1, 0, 'GUIEntryPoint')
    qmlRegisterType(Dummy, 'Dummy', 1, 0, 'Dummy')

    qml_url = QUrl.fromLocalFile(os.path.join('zzz.qml'))
    view = QQuickView()

    gep = GUIEntryPoint()
    view.rootContext().setContextProperty('BE', gep)
    view.setSource(qml_url)

    view.show()
    sys.exit(app.exec_())


if __name__ == '__main__':
    run()

zzz.qml:

import QtQuick 2.2


Rectangle {
    id: rootItem
    width: 640
    height: 400

    property var pleaseKeepMe: BE.get_foo()

    Component.onCompleted: {
        console.log("Completed");

        BE.print_foo(pleaseKeepMe);  // prints None, it has been deleted

        console.log("creating another");
        var x = BE.get_foo();
        // at this point x has already been deleted on the Python side
        console.log("created another");
        BE.print_foo(x);  // prints None

        console.log("\n\nPress CTRL-C to exit");
    }
}

Answer 1

简而言之:使用 SIP Python API 将所有权转移到 C++，同时保持 QObject 的 Python“部分”事件似乎解决了这个问题，这确实是一个所有权问题，如(另请参阅下面来源中的评论)所述:

http://www.commandprompt.com/community/pyqt/x2393.htm

http://www.commandprompt.com/community/pyqt/x2420.htm

http://pyqt.sourceforge.net/Docs/sip4/using.html#ref-object-ownership

在 SIP API 上，请参阅:

http://pyqt.sourceforge.net/Docs/sip4/python_api.html

http://pyqt.sourceforge.net/Docs/sip4/c_api.html#c.sipTransferTo

http://www.riverbankcomputing.com/pipermail/pyqt/2005-October/011263.html

此外，一些不错的一般建议位于:

https://stackoverflow.com/a/11945184/110118

问题的一个稍微修改的示例，Python 源代码:

from PyQt5.QtGui import QGuiApplication
from PyQt5.QtQuick import QQuickView
from PyQt5.QtCore import QUrl, QObject, QVariant, pyqtSlot
from PyQt5.QtQml import QQmlEngine, qmlRegisterType
import sip

def ownership(obj):
    jsOwned = QQmlEngine.objectOwnership(obj) == QQmlEngine.JavaScriptOwnership
    return "Javascript" if jsOwned else "Cpp"  

def onDummytDestroyed():
    print "Dummy destroyed"

class Dummy(QObject):

    i = 0

    def __init__(self):
        #let's not forget to properly initialize the base part
        super(Dummy, self).__init__()
        self.i = Dummy.i
        Dummy.i = Dummy.i + 1

    def __del__(self):
        #let's track when the Python part gets destroyed 
        #  (or, rather, "finalized", or whatever the correct term is :) )
        print "Dummy.__del__(), self.i:", self.i

    @pyqtSlot(result="QString")
    def get_str(self):
        #let's have a Python (not C++) implemented method in the class
        return "Dummy string #" + str(self.i)

class GUIEntryPoint(QObject):

    def __init__(self):
        #same as with Dummy.__init__
        super(GUIEntryPoint, self).__init__()

    @pyqtSlot(result=QVariant) #would also work
    #@pyqtSlot(result=QObject)
    def get_foo(self):
        print "GUIEntryPoint.get_foo():"
        foo = Dummy()
        foo.setObjectName("Foo")

        #let's track when the C++ part gets destroyed
        foo.destroyed.connect(onDummytDestroyed)

        #this would destroy the Python part of foo as soon as the reference
        #goes out of scope (the C++ part stay alive and will be properly accessible from QML,
        #but attempts to access Python-implemented methods like Dummy.get_str()
        #would cause a TypeError hinting that there is no such method) 
        #sip.transferto(foo, None)

        #this works as expected, with both Python (and then C++) parts of foo
        #being destroyed whenever the QML GC decides to get rid of the object
        #(see program output, notice how GC is silent for a while)  
        sip.transferto(foo, foo)

        #this is indeed not needed, as proper ownership will be set
        #when the object passes to the QML land through the slot invocation
        #QQmlEngine.setObjectOwnership(foo, QQmlEngine.JavaScriptOwnership)
        print "    initial ownership: ", ownership(foo)

        return foo

    @pyqtSlot(QObject) #would also work
    #@pyqtSlot(QVariant) 
    def print_foo(self, foo):
        print "GUIEntryPoint.print_foo():"
        print "    objectName: ", foo.objectName()
        print "    ownership when on QML side: ", ownership(foo)

app = QGuiApplication([])
view = QQuickView()

#not needed, indeed, as both context objects (and properties),
#and QObject descendants passed to QML side are perfectly accessible
#(that is, their properties and invokables / slots are) 
#without any additional steps
#(instantiating types declaratively would require registering them first, though,
#and having properties of custom types requires metatypes to be declared)
#qmlRegisterType(GUIEntryPoint, 'GUIEntryPoint', 1, 0, 'GUIEntryPoint')
#qmlRegisterType(Dummy, 'Dummy', 1, 0, 'Dummy')

gep = GUIEntryPoint()
view.rootContext().setContextProperty('BE', gep)

view.setSource(QUrl.fromLocalFile("pyqt-ownership-test.qml"))
view.show()

app.exec_()

QML 源代码(另存为 pyqt-ownership-test.py):

import QtQuick 2.1

Rectangle {
    width: 300
    height: 200
    color: "red"
    border.width: 10

    Component.onCompleted: {
        console.log("Component.onCompleted():")

        //increase the number to 1000 to see GC stepping in
        //while the loop is still running
        //(notice how destruction is not being reported for some objects,
        //for example, #249 (the one created last),
        //but this looks like a Qt/QML logging issue)
        for (var i = 0; i < 250; i++) {
            console.log("#" + i)
            var foo = BE.get_foo()

            console.log("    foo: " + foo)
            console.log("    foo.objectName: " + foo.objectName)
            console.log("    foo.get_str(): " + foo.get_str())

            console.log("    print_foo():")
            BE.print_foo(foo)
        }
    }
}

程序输出(在中间剥离以适应 SO 答案大小限制):

Component.onCompleted():
#0
GUIEntryPoint.get_foo():
    initial ownership:  Cpp
    foo: Dummy(0x22903d0, "Foo")
    foo.objectName: Foo
    foo.get_str(): Dummy string #0
    print_foo():
GUIEntryPoint.print_foo():
    objectName:  Foo
    ownership when on QML side:  Javascript
#1
GUIEntryPoint.get_foo():
    initial ownership:  Cpp
    foo: Dummy(0x2290d20, "Foo")
    foo.objectName: Foo
    foo.get_str(): Dummy string #1
    print_foo():
GUIEntryPoint.print_foo():
    objectName:  Foo
    ownership when on QML side:  Javascript
#2
GUIEntryPoint.get_foo():
    initial ownership:  Cpp
    foo: Dummy(0x2291080, "Foo")
    foo.objectName: Foo
    foo.get_str(): Dummy string #2
    print_foo():
GUIEntryPoint.print_foo():
    objectName:  Foo
    ownership when on QML side:  Javascript
#3
GUIEntryPoint.get_foo():
    initial ownership:  Cpp
    foo: Dummy(0x22911e0, "Foo")
    foo.objectName: Foo
    foo.get_str(): Dummy string #3
    print_foo():
GUIEntryPoint.print_foo():
    objectName:  Foo
    ownership when on QML side:  Javascript
#4
GUIEntryPoint.get_foo():
    initial ownership:  Cpp
    foo: Dummy(0x2291e90, "Foo")
    foo.objectName: Foo
    foo.get_str(): Dummy string #4
    print_foo():
GUIEntryPoint.print_foo():
    objectName:  Foo
    ownership when on QML side:  Javascript
#5
GUIEntryPoint.get_foo():
    initial ownership:  Cpp
    foo: Dummy(0x2292b70, "Foo")
    foo.objectName: Foo
    foo.get_str(): Dummy string #5
    print_foo():
GUIEntryPoint.print_foo():
    objectName:  Foo
    ownership when on QML side:  Javascript
#6
GUIEntryPoint.get_foo():
    initial ownership:  Cpp
    foo: Dummy(0x2293420, "Foo")
    foo.objectName: Foo
    foo.get_str(): Dummy string #6
    print_foo():
GUIEntryPoint.print_foo():
    objectName:  Foo
    ownership when on QML side:  Javascript
#7
GUIEntryPoint.get_foo():
    initial ownership:  Cpp
    foo: Dummy(0x2296e30, "Foo")
    foo.objectName: Foo
    foo.get_str(): Dummy string #7
    print_foo():
GUIEntryPoint.print_foo():
    objectName:  Foo
    ownership when on QML side:  Javascript
#8
GUIEntryPoint.get_foo():
    initial ownership:  Cpp
    foo: Dummy(0x22983b0, "Foo")
    foo.objectName: Foo
    foo.get_str(): Dummy string #8
    print_foo():
GUIEntryPoint.print_foo():
    objectName:  Foo
    ownership when on QML side:  Javascript
#9
GUIEntryPoint.get_foo():
    initial ownership:  Cpp
    foo: Dummy(0x2299150, "Foo")
    foo.objectName: Foo
    foo.get_str(): Dummy string #9
    print_foo():
GUIEntryPoint.print_foo():
    objectName:  Foo
    ownership when on QML side:  Javascript
#10
GUIEntryPoint.get_foo():
    initial ownership:  Cpp
    foo: Dummy(0x2299e60, "Foo")
    foo.objectName: Foo
    foo.get_str(): Dummy string #10
    print_foo():
GUIEntryPoint.print_foo():
    objectName:  Foo
    ownership when on QML side:  Javascript
#11
GUIEntryPoint.get_foo():
    initial ownership:  Cpp
    foo: Dummy(0x229ab70, "Foo")
    foo.objectName: Foo
    foo.get_str(): Dummy string #11
    print_foo():
GUIEntryPoint.print_foo():
    objectName:  Foo
    ownership when on QML side:  Javascript

<...some lines skipped here...>

#245
GUIEntryPoint.get_foo():
    initial ownership:  Cpp
    foo: Dummy(0x23007b0, "Foo")
    foo.objectName: Foo
    foo.get_str(): Dummy string #245
    print_foo():
GUIEntryPoint.print_foo():
    objectName:  Foo
    ownership when on QML side:  Javascript
#246
GUIEntryPoint.get_foo():
    initial ownership:  Cpp
    foo: Dummy(0x22fe4d0, "Foo")
    foo.objectName: Foo
    foo.get_str(): Dummy string #246
    print_foo():
GUIEntryPoint.print_foo():
    objectName:  Foo
    ownership when on QML side:  Javascript
#247
GUIEntryPoint.get_foo():
    initial ownership:  Cpp
    foo: Dummy(0x22fc5c0, "Foo")
    foo.objectName: Foo
    foo.get_str(): Dummy string #247
    print_foo():
GUIEntryPoint.print_foo():
    objectName:  Foo
    ownership when on QML side:  Javascript
#248
GUIEntryPoint.get_foo():
    initial ownership:  Cpp
    foo: Dummy(0x22fa730, "Foo")
    foo.objectName: Foo
    foo.get_str(): Dummy string #248
    print_foo():
GUIEntryPoint.print_foo():
    objectName:  Foo
    ownership when on QML side:  Javascript
#249
GUIEntryPoint.get_foo():
    initial ownership:  Cpp
    foo: Dummy(0x22f57b0, "Foo")
    foo.objectName: Foo
    foo.get_str(): Dummy string #249
    print_foo():
GUIEntryPoint.print_foo():
    objectName:  Foo
    ownership when on QML side:  Javascript
Dummy.__del__(), self.i: 214
Dummy destroyed
Dummy.__del__(), self.i: 213
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Dummy.__del__(), self.i: 212
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Dummy destroyed
Dummy.__del__(), self.i: 5
Dummy destroyed
Dummy.__del__(), self.i: 4
Dummy destroyed
Dummy.__del__(), self.i: 3
Dummy destroyed
Dummy.__del__(), self.i: 2
Dummy destroyed
Dummy.__del__(), self.i: 1
Dummy destroyed
Dummy.__del__(), self.i: 0
Dummy destroyed