python - pip install py-find-1st 在 ubuntu20 和 centos 上使用 python3.9 失败

Question

这是我的过程。
我在 ubuntu20 上启动一个新的 aws t2.micro ec2 并运行这个脚本

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install gcc
sudo apt-get install python3.9
sudo apt-get install python3.9-venv
curl --silent --show-error --retry 5 https://bootstrap.pypa.io/get-pip.py > get-pip.py
python3.9 get-pip.py
sudo apt-get install python-dev
sudo apt-get install python3-dev
python3.9 -m pip install --upgrade pip
python3.9 -m pip install --upgrade pip setuptools
python3.9 -m pip install --upgrade wheel
python3.9 -m pip install testresources
sudo apt-get install build-essential
sudo apt-get install libreadline-gplv2-dev libncursesw5-dev libssl-dev libsqlite3-dev tk-dev libgdbm-dev libc6-dev libbz2-dev libffi-dev wget liblzma-dev lzma
sudo apt-get install python3-devel
python3.9 -m pip install p5py
python3.9 -m pip install PEP517
python3.9 -m pip install py-find-1st

最后一行是问题
我得到了这个输出(错误在底部，我包含了更多输出以防它有帮助，不得不稍微修剪输出)

Preparing to unpack .../python3.9-venv_3.9.5-3~20.04.1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking python3.9-venv (3.9.5-3~20.04.1) ...
Setting up python-pip-whl (20.0.2-5ubuntu1.5) ...
Setting up python3.9-venv (3.9.5-3~20.04.1) ...
Defaulting to user installation because normal site-packages is not writeable
Collecting pip
  Downloading pip-21.1.3-py3-none-any.whl (1.5 MB)
     |████████████████████████████████| 1.5 MB 5.0 MB/s 
Collecting wheel
  Downloading wheel-0.36.2-py2.py3-none-any.whl (35 kB)
Installing collected packages: wheel, pip
  WARNING: The script wheel is installed in '/home/ubuntu/.local/bin' which is not on PATH.
  Consider adding this directory to PATH or, if you prefer to suppress this warning, use --no-warn-script-location.
  WARNING: The scripts pip, pip3 and pip3.9 are installed in '/home/ubuntu/.local/bin' which is not on PATH.
  Consider adding this directory to PATH or, if you prefer to suppress this warning, use --no-warn-script-location.
Successfully installed pip-21.1.3 wheel-0.36.2
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
Note, selecting 'python-dev-is-python2' instead of 'python-dev'
The following additional packages will be installed:
  libexpat1-dev libpython2-dev libpython2-stdlib libpython2.7 libpython2.7-dev libpython2.7-minimal
  libpython2.7-stdlib python-is-python2 python2 python2-dev python2-minimal python2.7 python2.7-dev
  python2.7-minimal
Suggested packages:
  python2-doc python-tk python2.7-doc binfmt-support
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  libexpat1-dev libpython2-dev libpython2-stdlib libpython2.7 libpython2.7-dev libpython2.7-minimal
  libpython2.7-stdlib python-dev-is-python2 python-is-python2 python2 python2-dev python2-minimal python2.7
  python2.7-dev python2.7-minimal
0 upgraded, 15 newly installed, 0 to remove and 78 not upgraded.
Need to get 7744 kB of archives.
After this operation, 35.1 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] Y
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Get:8 http://us-east-2.ec2.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/main amd64 libexpat1-dev amd64 2.2.9-1build1 [116 kB]
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Fetched 7744 kB in 0s (46.3 MB/s)           
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Setting up libpython2.7:amd64 (2.7.18-1~20.04.1) ...
Setting up libpython2.7-dev:amd64 (2.7.18-1~20.04.1) ...
Setting up python2.7 (2.7.18-1~20.04.1) ...
Setting up libpython2-stdlib:amd64 (2.7.17-2ubuntu4) ...
Setting up python2 (2.7.17-2ubuntu4) ...
Setting up libpython2-dev:amd64 (2.7.17-2ubuntu4) ...
Setting up python-is-python2 (2.7.17-4) ...
Setting up python2.7-dev (2.7.18-1~20.04.1) ...
Setting up python2-dev (2.7.17-2ubuntu4) ...
Setting up python-dev-is-python2 (2.7.17-4) ...
Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.31-0ubuntu9.2) ...
Processing triggers for man-db (2.9.1-1) ...
Processing triggers for mime-support (3.64ubuntu1) ...
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
The following additional packages will be installed:
  libpython3-dev libpython3.8 libpython3.8-dev libpython3.8-minimal libpython3.8-stdlib python3.8 python3.8-dev
  python3.8-minimal zlib1g-dev
Suggested packages:
  python3.8-venv python3.8-doc binfmt-support
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  libpython3-dev libpython3.8-dev python3-dev python3.8-dev zlib1g-dev
The following packages will be upgraded:
  libpython3.8 libpython3.8-minimal libpython3.8-stdlib python3.8 python3.8-minimal
5 upgraded, 5 newly installed, 0 to remove and 73 not upgraded.
Need to get 10.9 MB of archives.
After this operation, 21.2 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] Y
Get:1 http://us-east-2.ec2.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-updates/main amd64 python3.8 amd64 3.8.10-0ubuntu1~20.04 [387 kB]
Get:2 http://us-east-2.ec2.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-updates/main amd64 libpython3.8 amd64 3.8.10-0ubuntu1~20.04 [1625 kB]
Get:3 http://us-east-2.ec2.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-updates/main amd64 libpython3.8-stdlib amd64 3.8.10-0ubuntu1~20.04 [1675 kB]
Get:4 http://us-east-2.ec2.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-updates/main amd64 python3.8-minimal amd64 3.8.10-0ubuntu1~20.04 [1898 kB]
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Get:9 http://us-east-2.ec2.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-updates/main amd64 python3.8-dev amd64 3.8.10-0ubuntu1~20.04 [510 kB]
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Fetched 10.9 MB in 0s (42.5 MB/s) 
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Setting up python3.8-dev (3.8.10-0ubuntu1~20.04) ...
Setting up libpython3-dev:amd64 (3.8.2-0ubuntu2) ...
Setting up python3-dev (3.8.2-0ubuntu2) ...
Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.31-0ubuntu9.2) ...
Processing triggers for man-db (2.9.1-1) ...
Processing triggers for mime-support (3.64ubuntu1) ...
Defaulting to user installation because normal site-packages is not writeable
Requirement already satisfied: pip in ./.local/lib/python3.9/site-packages (21.1.3)
Defaulting to user installation because normal site-packages is not writeable
Requirement already satisfied: pip in ./.local/lib/python3.9/site-packages (21.1.3)
Requirement already satisfied: setuptools in /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages (45.2.0)
Collecting setuptools
  Downloading setuptools-57.4.0-py3-none-any.whl (819 kB)
     |████████████████████████████████| 819 kB 5.0 MB/s 
Installing collected packages: setuptools
ERROR: pip's dependency resolver does not currently take into account all the packages that are installed. This behaviour is the source of the following dependency conflicts.
launchpadlib 1.10.13 requires testresources, which is not installed.
Successfully installed setuptools-57.4.0
Defaulting to user installation because normal site-packages is not writeable
Requirement already satisfied: wheel in ./.local/lib/python3.9/site-packages (0.36.2)
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
The following additional packages will be installed:
  dpkg-dev fakeroot g++ g++-9 libalgorithm-diff-perl libalgorithm-diff-xs-perl libalgorithm-merge-perl libdpkg-perl
  libfakeroot libfile-fcntllock-perl libstdc++-9-dev make
Suggested packages:
  debian-keyring g++-multilib g++-9-multilib gcc-9-doc bzr libstdc++-9-doc make-doc
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  build-essential dpkg-dev fakeroot g++ g++-9 libalgorithm-diff-perl libalgorithm-diff-xs-perl
  libalgorithm-merge-perl libdpkg-perl libfakeroot libfile-fcntllock-perl libstdc++-9-dev make
0 upgraded, 13 newly installed, 0 to remove and 73 not upgraded.
Need to get 11.4 MB of archives.
After this operation, 52.2 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] Y
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Extracting templates from packages: 100%
Preconfiguring packages ...

  Created wheel for p5py: filename=p5py-1.0.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl size=2333 sha256=e7417e00f0c9701b6889208ba42a352140b10d38748267029e0b3f5adb557857
  Stored in directory: /home/ubuntu/.cache/pip/wheels/72/c3/3e/d2e21f7f687d90134f4774eee0b36f1b3303ef35d4ebf832c7
Successfully built p5py
Installing collected packages: p5py
Successfully installed p5py-1.0.0
Defaulting to user installation because normal site-packages is not writeable
Collecting PEP517
  Downloading pep517-0.11.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl (19 kB)
Collecting tomli
  Downloading tomli-1.0.4-py3-none-any.whl (11 kB)
Installing collected packages: tomli, PEP517
Successfully installed PEP517-0.11.0 tomli-1.0.4
Defaulting to user installation because normal site-packages is not writeable
Collecting py-find-1st
  Downloading py_find_1st-1.1.5.tar.gz (8.8 kB)
  Installing build dependencies ... done
  Getting requirements to build wheel ... done
    Preparing wheel metadata ... done
Collecting numpy>=1.13.0
  Downloading numpy-1.21.1-cp39-cp39-manylinux_2_12_x86_64.manylinux2010_x86_64.whl (15.8 MB)
     |████████████████████████████████| 15.8 MB 6.0 MB/s 
Building wheels for collected packages: py-find-1st
  Building wheel for py-find-1st (PEP 517) ... error
  ERROR: Command errored out with exit status 1:
   command: /usr/bin/python3.9 /home/ubuntu/.local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pep517/in_process/_in_process.py build_wheel /tmp/tmp47_3kk6k
       cwd: /tmp/pip-install-pvu0gblm/py-find-1st_36eb63373254485b8448e2b46d13c71f
  Complete output (20 lines):
  /tmp/pip-build-env-qm53q7xb/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/setuptools/dist.py:697: UserWarning: Usage of dash-separated 'description-file' will not be supported in future versions. Please use the underscore name 'description_file' instead
    warnings.warn(
  running bdist_wheel
  running build
  running build_py
  creating build
  creating build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.9
  creating build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.9/utils_find_1st
  copying utils_find_1st/__init__.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.9/utils_find_1st
  running build_ext
  check for clang compiler ... no
  building 'find_1st' extension
  creating build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.9
  creating build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.9/utils_find_1st
  x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc -pthread -Wno-unused-result -Wsign-compare -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O2 -Wall -g -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -g -fwrapv -O2 -g -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fPIC -DNPY_NO_DEPRECATED_API=NPY_1_13_API_VERSION -I/tmp/pip-build-env-qm53q7xb/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/numpy/core/include -I/usr/include/python3.9 -c utils_find_1st/find_1st.cpp -o build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.9/utils_find_1st/find_1st.o
  utils_find_1st/find_1st.cpp:3:10: fatal error: Python.h: No such file or directory
      3 | #include "Python.h"
        |          ^~~~~~~~~~
  compilation terminated.
  error: command '/usr/bin/x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc' failed with exit code 1
  ----------------------------------------
  ERROR: Failed building wheel for py-find-1st
Failed to build py-find-1st
ERROR: Could not build wheels for py-find-1st which use PEP 517 and cannot be installed directly

如果您想重现错误，您可以启动一个运行 ubuntu20 的 t2.micro ec2 并运行上面列出的脚本

Answer 1

这似乎是您尝试安装的模块而不是 header 本身的问题。 py-find-1st是一个相当奇特的模块(撰写本文时在 GitHub 上有 9 颗星)，此类构建问题是 already reported .
解决方案:
安装libpython3.9

sudo apt install libpython3.9-dev

编辑:此解决方案有效，缺少 OP include/python3.9/Python.h libpython3.9-dev 中的 header .
忘记那个模块
该模块实现了一个“查找第一个索引而不需要读取完整数组”的功能，该功能(部分)可以实现为:

def find_1st(X):
    ind = np.flatnonzero(X < 0.)
    if len(ind) :
        return ind[0]
    else:
        return -1

问题是，这会读取完整的数组。如果您的数组太大，您可以考虑在循环中运行它。