ANTLR 解析语法 -> 树语法

Question

我们编译器理论课的最后一个任务是为一小部分 Java(不是 MiniJava)创建一个编译器。我们的教授让我们可以选择使用我们希望使用的任何工具，经过反复研究，我决定使用 ANTLR。我设法让扫描器和解析器启动并运行，解析器输出 AST。我现在被困在试图编译一个树语法文件。我理解的基本思想是从解析器复制语法规则并消除大部分代码，保留重写规则，但它似乎不想编译(offendingToken 错误)。我在正确的轨道上吗？我错过了一些微不足道的东西吗？

树语法:

tree grammar J0_SemanticAnalysis;

options {
  language = Java;
  tokenVocab = J0_Parser;
  ASTLabelType = CommonTree;
}

@header 
{ 
  package ritterre.a4; 
  import java.util.Map;
  import java.util.HashMap;
}

@members
{

}

walk
  : compilationunit
  ;

compilationunit
  : ^(UNIT importdeclaration* classdeclaration*)
  ;

importdeclaration
  : ^(IMP_DEC IDENTIFIER+)
  ;

classdeclaration
  : ^(CLASS IDENTIFIER ^(EXTENDS IDENTIFIER)? fielddeclaration* methoddeclaration*)
  ;

fielddeclaration
  : ^(FIELD_DEC IDENTIFIER type visibility? STATIC?)
  ;

methoddeclaration
  : ^(METHOD_DEC IDENTIFIER type visibility? STATIC? ^(PARAMS parameter+)? body)
  ;

visibility
  : PRIVATE 
  | PUBLIC
  ;

parameter
  : ^(PARAM IDENTIFIER type)
  ;

body
  : ^(BODY ^(DECLARATIONS localdeclaration*) ^(STATEMENTS statement*))
  ;

localdeclaration 
  : ^(DECLARATION type IDENTIFIER)
  ;

statement
  : assignment      
  | ifstatement     
  | whilestatement  
  | returnstatement 
  | callstatement   
  | printstatement  
  | block
  ;

assignment
  : ^(ASSIGN IDENTIFIER+ expression? expression)
  ;

ifstatement
  : ^(IF relation statement ^(ELSE statement)?)
  ;

whilestatement
  : ^(WHILE relation statement)
  ;

returnstatement
  : ^(RETURN expression?)
  ;

callstatement
  : ^(CALL IDENTIFIER+ expression+)
  ;

printstatement
  : ^(PRINT expression)
  ;

block
  : ^(STATEMENTS statement*)
  ;

relation
//  : expression (LTHAN | GTHAN | EQEQ | NEQ)^ expression
  : ^(LTHAN expression expression)
  | ^(GTHAN expression expression)
  | ^(EQEQ expression expression)
  | ^(NEQ expression expression)
  ;

expression
//  : (PLUS | MINUS)? term ((PLUS | MINUS)^ term)*
  : ^(PLUS term term)
  | ^(MINUS term term)
  ;

term
//  : factor ((MULT | DIV)^ factor)*
  : ^(MULT factor factor)
  | ^(DIV factor factor)
  ;

factor
  : NUMBER
  | IDENTIFIER (DOT IDENTIFIER | LBRAC expression RBRAC)?
  | NULL
  | NEW IDENTIFIER LPAREN RPAREN
  | NEW (INT | IDENTIFIER) (LBRAC RBRAC)?
  ;

type
  : (INT | IDENTIFIER) (LBRAC RBRAC)? 
  | VOID
  ;

解析器语法:

parser grammar J0_Parser;

options
{
  output = AST;             // Output an AST
  tokenVocab = J0_Scanner;   // Pull Tokens from Scanner
  //greedy = true; // forcing this throughout?! success!!
  //cannot force greedy true throughout. bad things happen and the parser doesnt build
}

tokens
{
  UNIT;
  IMP_DEC;
  FIELD_DEC;
  METHOD_DEC;
  PARAMS;
  PARAM;
  BODY;
  DECLARATIONS;
  STATEMENTS;
  DECLARATION;
  ASSIGN;
  CALL;
}

@header { package ritterre.a4; }

// J0 - Extended Specification - EBNF
parse
  : compilationunit EOF -> compilationunit
  ;

compilationunit
  : importdeclaration* classdeclaration*
    -> ^(UNIT importdeclaration* classdeclaration*)
  ;

importdeclaration
  : IMPORT IDENTIFIER (DOT IDENTIFIER)* SCOLON
    -> ^(IMP_DEC IDENTIFIER+)
  ;

classdeclaration
  : (PUBLIC)? CLASS n=IDENTIFIER (EXTENDS e=IDENTIFIER)? LBRAK (fielddeclaration|methoddeclaration)* RBRAK
    -> ^(CLASS $n ^(EXTENDS $e)? fielddeclaration* methoddeclaration*)
  ;

fielddeclaration
  : visibility? STATIC? type IDENTIFIER SCOLON
    -> ^(FIELD_DEC IDENTIFIER type visibility? STATIC?)
  ;

methoddeclaration
  : visibility? STATIC? type IDENTIFIER LPAREN (parameter (COMMA parameter)*)? RPAREN body
    -> ^(METHOD_DEC IDENTIFIER type visibility? STATIC? ^(PARAMS parameter+)? body)
  ;

visibility
  : PRIVATE 
  | PUBLIC
  ;

parameter
  : type IDENTIFIER
    -> ^(PARAM IDENTIFIER type)
  ;

body
  : LBRAK localdeclaration* statement* RBRAK
    -> ^(BODY ^(DECLARATIONS localdeclaration*) ^(STATEMENTS statement*))
  ;

localdeclaration 
  : type IDENTIFIER SCOLON
    -> ^(DECLARATION type IDENTIFIER)
  ;

statement
  : assignment
  | ifstatement
  | whilestatement
  | returnstatement
  | callstatement
  | printstatement
  | block
  ;

assignment
  : IDENTIFIER (DOT IDENTIFIER | LBRAC a=expression RBRAC)? EQ b=expression SCOLON
    -> ^(ASSIGN IDENTIFIER+ $a? $b)
  ;

ifstatement
  : IF LPAREN relation RPAREN statement (options {greedy=true;} : ELSE statement)?
    -> ^(IF relation statement ^(ELSE statement)?)
  ;

whilestatement
  : WHILE LPAREN relation RPAREN statement
    -> ^(WHILE relation statement)
  ;

returnstatement
  : RETURN expression? SCOLON
    -> ^(RETURN expression?)
  ;

callstatement
  : IDENTIFIER (DOT IDENTIFIER)? LPAREN (expression (COMMA expression)*)? RPAREN SCOLON
    -> ^(CALL IDENTIFIER+ expression+)
  ;

printstatement
  : PRINT LPAREN expression RPAREN SCOLON
    -> ^(PRINT expression)
  ;

block
  : LBRAK statement* RBRAK
    -> ^(STATEMENTS statement*)
  ;

relation
  : expression (LTHAN | GTHAN | EQEQ | NEQ)^ expression
  ;

expression
  : (PLUS | MINUS)? term ((PLUS | MINUS)^ term)*
  ;

term
  : factor ((MULT | DIV)^ factor)*
  ;

factor
  : NUMBER
  | IDENTIFIER (DOT IDENTIFIER | LBRAC expression RBRAC)?
  | NULL
  | NEW IDENTIFIER LPAREN RPAREN
  | NEW (INT | IDENTIFIER) (LBRAC RBRAC)?
  ;

type
  : (INT | IDENTIFIER) (LBRAC RBRAC)? 
  | VOID
  ;

Answer 1

问题在于，在您的树语法中，您执行以下操作(我相信 3 次):

classdeclaration
  : ^(CLASS ... ^(EXTENDS IDENTIFIER)? ... )
  ;

^(EXTENDS IDENTIFIER)?部分是错误的:您需要将树环绕在括号中，然后才将其设为可选:

classdeclaration
  : ^(CLASS ... (^(EXTENDS IDENTIFIER))? ... )
  ;

但是，如果仅此而已，那就太容易了，不是吗？ :)

当您解决上述问题时，ANTLR 会在尝试从您的树文法生成树行者时提示树文法不明确。 ANTLR 将向您抛出以下内容:

error(211): J0_SemanticAnalysis.g:61:26: [fatal] rule assignment has non-LL(*) decision due to recursive rule invocations reachable from alts 1,2. Resolve by left-factoring or using syntactic predicates or using backtrack=true option.

它提示 assignment语法规则:

assignment
  : ^(ASSIGN IDENTIFIER+ expression? expression)
  ;

因为 ANTLR 是 LL 解析器生成器1，它从左到右解析标记。因此 IDENTIFIER+ expression? expression 中的可选表达式使语法有歧义。通过移动 ? 解决此问题到最后 expression :

assignment
  : ^(ASSIGN IDENTIFIER+ expression expression?)
  ;

1 不要让 ANTLR 名称中的最后两个字母误导您，它们代表语言识别，而不是它生成的解析器类!