python - 无法从网页中抓取产品标题

Question

我试图在此 webpage 中抓取可用产品的标题使用请求模块，但脚本总是抛出 AttributeError即使产品标题在页面源中( ctrl + U )。
我试过( throws AttributeError ):

import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

link = 'https://www.cclonline.com/product/334427/GV-N3070AORUS-M-8GD-1-1/Graphics-Cards/Gigabyte-AORUS-GeForce-RTX-3070-MASTER-8GB-Overclocked-Graphics-Card-rev-1-1-/VGA5934/'

headers = {
    'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/91.0.4472.77 Safari/537.36',
}

res = requests.get(link, headers=headers)
soup = BeautifulSoup(res.text,"lxml")
try:
    product_title = soup.select_one("h1 > span").get_text(strip=True)
except AttributeError: product_title = ""
print(product_title)

预期输出:

Gigabyte GeForce RTX 3070 Aorus Master 8GB OC GPU

How can I scrape the product title from that webpage?

PS我试过这个库 cloudscraper同样，但没有运气。
编辑:
这就是我得到的 raise HTTPError(http_error_msg, response=self) requests.exceptions.HTTPError: 403 Client Error: Forbidden for url当我运行以下代码时:

import cfscrape

url = 'https://www.cclonline.com/product/334427/GV-N3070AORUS-M-8GD-1-1/Graphics-Cards/Gigabyte-AORUS-GeForce-RTX-3070-MASTER-8GB-Overclocked-Graphics-Card-rev-1-1-/VGA5934/'

headers = {
    'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/91.0.4472.77 Safari/537.36',
}

token, agent = cfscrape.get_tokens(url, headers=headers)
print(token, agent)

我知道我可以使用 cf_clearance 的值在 cookie 中访问页面内容，如果我可以从上面的尝试中获得 token 的值。

Answer 1

这只是研究的一个占位符，可能对其他查看 Cloudflare 绕过问题的人有用。
用例

从使用 Cloudflare CAPTCHA or Javascript challenge 的网站抓取信息以加强保护。
Python请求

使用标准 Python 请求。获取 Cloudflare 服务将返回 403 Forbidden 错误代码。

import requests

URL = 'https://www.cclonline.com/product/334427/GV-N3070AORUS-M-8GD-1-1/Graphics-Cards/Gigabyte-AORUS-GeForce-RTX' \
      '-3070-MASTER-8GB-Overclocked-Graphics-Card-rev-1-1-/VGA5934/'

headers = {'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/91.0.4472.77 Safari/537.36'}

response = requests.get(URL, headers=headers)
print(f'Status Code: {response.status_code}')
print(f'Status Code Reason: {response.reason}')
# output
Status Code: 403
Status Code Reason: Forbidden

如果我们查看 response.headers，我们可以看到 Cloudflare 服务器正在将我们的请求代理到目标 URL。

...continued from the code above
for key, value in response.headers.items():
    print(f'KEY NAME: {key}')
    print(f'KEY VALUE: {value}')
    print('-----------------------')
    # output 
    KEY NAME: Date
    KEY VALUE: Sun, 13 Jun 2021 16:39:03 GMT
    -----------------------
    KEY NAME: Content-Type
    KEY VALUE: text/html; charset=UTF-8
    -----------------------
    KEY NAME: Transfer-Encoding
    KEY VALUE: chunked
    -----------------------
    KEY NAME: Connection
    KEY VALUE: close
    -----------------------
    KEY NAME: Permissions-Policy
    KEY VALUE: accelerometer=(),autoplay=(),camera=(),clipboard-read=(),clipboard-write=(),fullscreen=(),geolocation=(),gyroscope=(),hid=(),interest-cohort=(),magnetometer=(),microphone=(),payment=(),publickey-credentials-get=(),screen-wake-lock=(),serial=(),sync-xhr=(),usb=()
    -----------------------
    KEY NAME: Cache-Control
    KEY VALUE: private, max-age=0, no-store, no-cache, must-revalidate, post-check=0, pre-check=0
    -----------------------
    KEY NAME: Expires
    KEY VALUE: Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:01 GMT
    -----------------------
    KEY NAME: X-Frame-Options
    KEY VALUE: SAMEORIGIN
    -----------------------
    KEY NAME: cf-request-id
    KEY VALUE: 0aa7d6c7c4000007ff7201b000000001
    -----------------------
    KEY NAME: Expect-CT
    KEY VALUE: max-age=604800, report-uri="https://report-uri.cloudflare.com/cdn-cgi/beacon/expect-ct"
    -----------------------
    KEY NAME: Set-Cookie
    KEY VALUE: __cf_bm=72427e2af66c7177feeb88a847fae9c26b66c681-1623602343-1800-AZAmqDfaHZU8IXOH/i3BBVf8pGcws0Gc1Tln5yKUepe3utWlCpagxvALDW6wiHd2pli9Zl45Mg8gC/QSoUFhoes=; path=/; expires=Sun, 13-Jun-21 17:09:03 GMT; domain=.cclonline.com; HttpOnly; Secure; SameSite=None
    -----------------------
    KEY NAME: Vary
    KEY VALUE: Accept-Encoding
    -----------------------
    KEY NAME: Server
    KEY VALUE: cloudflare
    -----------------------
    KEY NAME: CF-RAY
    KEY VALUE: 65ecc0b9383b07ff-ATL
    -----------------------
    KEY NAME: Content-Encoding
    KEY VALUE: gzip
    -----------------------

如果我们查看与 Python 请求关联的 response.text，我们可以看到与 Cloudflare 保护相关的其他证据。

...continued from the code above
print(response.text)
# output

truncated...

<title>Please Wait... | Cloudflare</title>
<meta name="captcha-bypass" id="captcha-bypass" />

truncated...

<form class="challenge-form managed-form" id="challenge-form" action="/product/334427/GV-N3070AORUS-M-8GD-1-1/Graphics-Cards/Gigabyte-AORUS-GeForce-RTX-3070-MASTER-8GB-Overclocked-Graphics-Card-rev-1-1-/VGA5934/?__cf_chl_managed_tk__=7d4597196bb14948881846ca16631b64c55f06d3-1623602854-0-AcX2yHJM2sCalL03Opq9RiFjASeYE0Xs0KG4XeG1lezzhzEyu-bL8xsdHuEjNIIKaJkWEmha4DhViRlqWEP_HREOdA8YAY7nnNkBAHbNMs6p_AWgYNLPnSNM13PO2I96hdABtoaaKjOzV4AyJQJ8f08XEW2flN97rPxIMeiR0tI1a3PiON2dN9E_YCyneAuCUfaYWUNGL0Bqd_rkYp3Ljb2zk_kGWizckr1fvhodSEjEB-ByYVK8ODNox2oZ4XPcmCYJ6UNDmbNc406BjMeTf3e72Z7vgdnt3V714VrGN4w_Y4VQ2X1V0OVKUKEH9B5Rxa_4fEZiMAAdxZ6idg69JYMKftuuLemr53n5WAwTwyX2G7N9jmjtarxEQcCqoj9oY7oSFwQTb3ZVb9i5EeavKaE1_67wxpyPybNidBDxhLazDEMefPZGDsV9mSziuIQ90nS5vn-7sUvC8BJATNWPbh6OduchXy-QcMeYhurtukUCm3oDQMP7r4g4qvDCWI3_-ku7u-B4G2XI2kwM_tLVEZiH5uHPjWpHE6eFWohiCTxd4p7vHg7z5ug9feRalYqu3GfInd82GZ-j-7nCqLDmPh2Sjlu6sJGfopqM3XlBrd1kgRZU3Z4uw6JIIqfH0M6K3_weTtem0-Z1zhDUBbVDvgJVeHNNh_bTxHGWbFB0f80tALBMbt67RftO5u1XBUZ-TRftteXBwJ8gmYzOZTo4lQOGQ_771urYXsTuW_sp8PwxvQpEyCnY8zD8dmVz0-waZhOet8MQMwduN2nfGUOrCMwUYO9McsBqzfsT5PJZVkDm-rYBBwqw0PIwvm1-N8ymAjrpSN6ps4FerqK1uQOo77FLiOq8JCOVqdETIZ9NO07A" method="POST" enctype="application/x-www-form-urlencoded">

truncated...

 <input type="hidden" name="r" value="d5db3eb87c9b42ec7f076916611c296abfd2c842-1623602854-0-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">
  <input type="hidden" name="cf_captcha_kind" value="h">
  <input type="hidden" name="vc" value="4845a44c225a1fa6a61708e11b613971">

truncated...

 <script type="text/javascript">
    //<![CDATA[
    (function(){
        var isIE = /(MSIE|Trident\/|Edge\/)/i.test(window.navigator.userAgent);
        var trkjs = isIE ? new Image() : document.createElement('img');
        trkjs.setAttribute("src", "/cdn-cgi/images/trace/managed/js/transparent.gif?ray=65eccd326d61f331");
        trkjs.id = "trk_managed_js";
        trkjs.setAttribute("alt", "");
        document.body.appendChild(trkjs);
        var cpo=document.createElement('script');
        cpo.type='text/javascript';
        cpo.src="/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/managed/v1?ray=65eccd326d61f331";
        document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);
    }());
    //]]>
    </script>
  

上述信息显示，传输到目标 URL 的 Python 请求被 Cloudflare 服务器拦截，这对请求进行了挑战。在允许继续初始请求之前，必须绕过此质询。
cfscrape 包

OP 表示他们试图使用 cfscrape从 Cloudflare 服务器获取 token 信息的 Python 包。
标准 cfscrape 请求提供与 Python 请求相同的响应。

import cfscrape

URL = 'https://www.cclonline.com/product/334427/GV-N3070AORUS-M-8GD-1-1/Graphics-Cards/Gigabyte-AORUS-GeForce-RTX' \
      '-3070-MASTER-8GB-Overclocked-Graphics-Card-rev-1-1-/VGA5934/'

headers = {'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/91.0.4472.77 Safari/537.36'}

scraper = cfscrape.create_scraper(delay=10)
response = scraper.get(URL, headers=headers)
print(f'Status Code: {response.status_code}')
print(f'Status Code Reason: {response.reason}')
# output
Status Code: 403
Status Code Reason: Forbidden

cfscrape 包还支持函数 get_tokens 和 get_cookie_string，但是这两个函数都会产生 403 Forbidden 错误代码。
来自 cfscrape 源代码:

def is_cloudflare_captcha_challenge(resp):
        return (
            resp.status_code == 403
            and resp.headers.get("Server", "").startswith("cloudflare")
            and b"/cdn-cgi/l/chk_captcha" in resp.content
        )


# the function above is called from this

def request(self, method, url, *args, **kwargs):
        resp = super(CloudflareScraper, self).request(method, url, *args, **kwargs)

        # Check if Cloudflare captcha challenge is presented
        if self.is_cloudflare_captcha_challenge(resp):
            self.handle_captcha_challenge(resp, url)

        # Check if Cloudflare anti-bot "I'm Under Attack Mode" is enabled
        if self.is_cloudflare_iuam_challenge(resp):
            resp = self.solve_cf_challenge(resp, **kwargs)

        return resp

handle_captcha_challenge 函数试图解决 Cloudflare javascript 挑战。 This section of the code是什么失败了。目前尚不清楚该部分的哪一部分失败，因此需要进行额外的研究和测试。
请注意:根据软件包的开发人员 the module is no longer supported .
云层包

OP 还表示他们试图使用 cloudscraper从 Cloudflare 服务器获取 token 信息的 Python 包。 cloudcraper是从cfscrape fork 出来的，没什么值(value)，所以语法类似。
cloudcraper 获得与 cfscrape 相同的 403 Forbidden 错误代码。

import cloudscraper

URL = 'https://www.cclonline.com/product/334427/GV-N3070AORUS-M-8GD-1-1/Graphics-Cards/Gigabyte-AORUS-GeForce-RTX' \
      '-3070-MASTER-8GB-Overclocked-Graphics-Card-rev-1-1-/VGA5934/'

headers = {'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/91.0.4472.77 Safari/537.36'}

scraper = cloudscraper.create_scraper()
response = scraper.get(URL)
print(f'Status Code: {response.status_code}')
print(f'Status Code Reason: {response.reason}')
# output
Status Code: 403
Status Code Reason: Forbidden

cloudcraper 包还支持函数 get_tokens 和 get_cookie_string，但是这两个函数都会产生 403 Forbidden 错误代码。
Selenium 包

OP 还表示他们试图使用 selenium python 包。
特别说明:在我的测试过程中，我将 selenium 与 Google Chrome、Mozilla Firefox 和 Microsoft Edge 的 webdrivers 一起使用。
在过去 12 个月内，这些选项可用于 selenium 以绕过 Cloudflare 保护。不幸的是，这些选项今天不起作用

chrome_options.add_experimental_option("excludeSwitches", ["enable-automation"])
chrome_options.add_experimental_option('useAutomationExtension', False)
# additional disable-blink-features are available in Chromium source code on Github
chrome_options.add_argument("--disable-blink-features=AutomationControlled")

下面是使用 Chrome webdriver 和上述开关的 selenium 代码示例。

from selenium import webdriver

chrome_options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
chrome_options.add_argument(
    "user-agent=Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/91.0.4472.77 Safari/537.36")
chrome_options.add_argument("start-maximized")
chrome_options.add_argument("--disable-blink-features=AutomationControlled")
chrome_options.add_experimental_option("excludeSwitches", ["enable-automation"])
chrome_options.add_experimental_option('useAutomationExtension', False)

driver = webdriver.Chrome(executable_path='/usr/local/bin/chromedriver', options=chrome_options)
URL = "https://www.cclonline.com/product/334427/GV-N3070AORUS-M-8GD-1-1/Graphics-Cards/Gigabyte-AORUS-GeForce-RTX-3070-MASTER-8GB-Overclocked-Graphics-Card-rev-1-1-/VGA5934"

driver.get(URL)

上面的代码打开一个浏览器 session ，该 session 面临 Cloudflare Javascript 挑战。在使用上述开关进行测试期间，这一挑战不会停止。 Cloudflare Ray ID，每个请求的唯一 ID 在我手动终止 session 之前轮换了很多次。

seleniumwire需要获取状态码
下面是一个 headless 模式 Chrome webdriver session ，它还显示了目标 URL 的 403 Forbidden 错误代码。 session 还显示 hcaptcha.com反机器人技术现在正在混合使用。

from seleniumwire import webdriver

chrome_options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
chrome_options.add_argument("start-maximized")
chrome_options.add_argument("--headless")
chrome_options.add_argument(
    "user-agent=Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/91.0.4472.77 Safari/537.36")
chrome_options.add_experimental_option("excludeSwitches", ["enable-automation"])
chrome_options.add_experimental_option('useAutomationExtension', False)
chrome_options.add_argument("--disable-blink-features=AutomationControlled")

driver = webdriver.Chrome(executable_path='/usr/local/bin/chromedriver', options=chrome_options)
URL = "https://www.cclonline.com/product/334427/GV-N3070AORUS-M-8GD-1-1/Graphics-Cards/Gigabyte-AORUS-GeForce-RTX-3070-MASTER-8GB-Overclocked-Graphics-Card-rev-1-1-/VGA5934"
driver.get(URL)

for request in driver.requests:
    print(f'Status Code: {request.response}')
    print(f'Host Name: {request.host}')
    # output 
    Status Code: 403 
    Host Name: www.cclonline.com
    -----------------------
    Status Code: 200 
    Host Name: www.cclonline.com
    -----------------------
    Status Code: 200 
    Host Name: www.cclonline.com
    -----------------------
    Status Code: 200 
    Host Name: www.cclonline.com
    -----------------------
    Status Code: 200 
    Host Name: www.cclonline.com
    -----------------------
    Status Code: 200 
    Host Name: www.cclonline.com
    -----------------------
    Status Code: 200 
    Host Name: www.cclonline.com
    -----------------------
    Status Code: 200 
    Host Name: www.cclonline.com
    -----------------------
    Status Code: 302 
    Host Name: hcaptcha.com
    -----------------------
    Status Code: 200 
    Host Name: newassets.hcaptcha.com
    -----------------------
driver.quit()

使用 UI 的标准 Chrome 网络驱动程序 session 显示带有“我是人类”复选框的 iFrame。

如果我手动或使用 selenium session 单击该按钮，则会收到图片验证码提示，这增加了绕过 Cloudflare 保护的复杂性。

cf_clearance cookie

当 Cloudflare CAPTCHA 或 Javascript 挑战得到解决时，会在客户端浏览器中设置 cf_clearance cookie。 cf_clearance cookie 的默认生命周期为 30 分钟，但可由 Cloudflare 客户端配置。
如果您在 Google Chrome 浏览器中手动打开 OP 的目标 URL，您可以使用开发者工具看到 cf_clearance cookie
根据此 session 开始的 UTC 时间和为 cookie 设置的到期日期，似乎 cf_clearance cookie 生存期设置为 60 分钟。
到目前为止，我还没有找到使用 Python 提取此 cookie 的方法。