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语境
我的问题与从PROJ4升级到PROJ6引起的变化有关
以及各种 R 空间包的结果( sp
、 sf
、 raster
)。
我们现在收到很多关于“废弃数据”的警告,看起来有点令人担忧,我很担心
有点困惑我应该怎么做。我可以看到这会产生可怕的后果
在某些情况下,而在其他情况下可以忽略它们。
似乎我不是唯一一个有点迷茫的人(见 here)。
我希望我提出的带有特定可重现示例的问题将有助于我们更好地理解该主题。
我知道我们可以remove the warnings ,
我已经阅读了上下文:r-spatial blog post ,
Migration to PROJ6/GDAL3
和 these workshop notes ( map View 似乎
在较新的版本中以不同方式处理此问题)
问题
问题一:
可能是一个幼稚的问题:
我了解需要实现新的符号/格式 (WKT)
在 PROJ6 中(例如因为需要更高的精度)但我不明白为什么有
需要从旧的 proj4 字符串表示法中删除数据部分。为什么不只是
保持原样(并以新的 WKT 格式/符号实现新功能)
问题二:
似乎我们有 3 个关于旧 proj4 格式的数据丢失的案例:
sf
默认?)sp
默认 ?? ) +towgs84
的后果是什么?部分 ?
raster::extract
和 3 种不同的一般方法(每次都是
sf
和
sp
点的对象),我希望从中得到相同的输出:
raster::extract
完成匹配点和栅格的 crs 的工作 sp
的 2 组不同的值。或
sf
对象和
sp
或
sf
对象)。
351.7868 236.4216 309.0073
)raster
用途)sf
,例如:st_transform(SF, crs = xxxx)
towgs84
部分
library(sf)
#> Linking to GEOS 3.8.0, GDAL 3.0.2, PROJ 6.2.1
library(sp)
library(raster)
# create 3 points
coo <- data.frame(x = c(246000, 247000, 246500), y = c(184000, 186000, 185000))
# create an sf spatial object
SF <- st_as_sf(coo, coords = c("x", "y"), crs = 31370)
# Check the CRS :
# the proj4string includes the datum/+towgs84 information - no warning
st_crs(SF)$proj4string
#> [1] "+proj=lcc +lat_0=90 +lon_0=4.36748666666667 +lat_1=51.1666672333333 +lat_2=49.8333339 +x_0=150000.013 +y_0=5400088.438 +ellps=intl +towgs84=-99.059,53.322,-112.486,0.419,-0.83,1.885,-1 +units=m +no_defs"
# Same value with `raster::crs` but with a
# Warning "Discarded datum (...) but +towgs84= values preserved"
raster::crs(SF)
#> Warning in showSRID(uprojargs, format = "PROJ", multiline = "NO"): Discarded datum Unknown_based_on_International_1909_Hayford_ellipsoid in CRS definition,
#> but +towgs84= values preserved
#> CRS arguments:
#> +proj=lcc +lat_0=90 +lon_0=4.36748666666667 +lat_1=51.1666672333333
#> +lat_2=49.8333339 +x_0=150000.013 +y_0=5400088.438 +ellps=intl
#> +towgs84=-99.059,53.322,-112.486,0.419,-0.83,1.885,-1 +units=m +no_defs
# WKT
st_crs(SF)
#> Coordinate Reference System:
#> User input: EPSG:31370
#> wkt:
#> BOUNDCRS[
#> SOURCECRS[
#> PROJCRS["Belge 1972 / Belgian Lambert 72",
#> BASEGEOGCRS["Belge 1972",
#> DATUM["Reseau National Belge 1972",
#> ELLIPSOID["International 1924",6378388,297,
#> LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]]],
#> PRIMEM["Greenwich",0,
#> ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433]],
#> ID["EPSG",4313]],
#> CONVERSION["Belgian Lambert 72",
#> METHOD["Lambert Conic Conformal (2SP)",
#>
#> (...)
#>
#> ID["EPSG",1609],
#> REMARK["Scale difference is given by information source as 0.999999. Given in this record in ppm to assist application usage. Very similar parameter values (to slightly less precision) used for BD72 to ETRS89: see code 1652."]]]
cat(raster::wkt(SF)) # does not work with sf
#> Error in raster::wkt(SF): tentative d'obtenir le slot "crs" d'un objet (classe "sf") qui n'est pas un objet S4
SP点空间对象
towgs84
部分
sf
)。
sf
不同。
SP <- coo
coordinates(SP) <- ~x+y
proj4string(SP) <- CRS("+init=epsg:31370")
#> Warning in showSRID(uprojargs, format = "PROJ", multiline = "NO"): Discarded
#> datum Reseau_National_Belge_1972 in CRS definition
# the proj4 string do not contain the `towgs84` part
# Warning "Discarded datum (...)"
CRS("+init=epsg:31370")
#> Warning in showSRID(uprojargs, format = "PROJ", multiline = "NO"): Discarded
#> datum Reseau_National_Belge_1972 in CRS definition
#> CRS arguments:
#> +proj=lcc +lat_0=90 +lon_0=4.36748666666667 +lat_1=51.1666672333333
#> +lat_2=49.8333339 +x_0=150000.013 +y_0=5400088.438 +ellps=intl +units=m
#> +no_defs
# With `raster::crs` same proj4string but no warning
raster::crs(SP)
#> CRS arguments:
#> +proj=lcc +lat_0=90 +lon_0=4.36748666666667 +lat_1=51.1666672333333
#> +lat_2=49.8333339 +x_0=150000.013 +y_0=5400088.438 +ellps=intl +units=m
#> +no_defs
# WKT notation + a warning: this WKT is indeed different from the SF one (no datum here ?)
cat(comment(CRS("+init=epsg:31370")))
#> Warning in showSRID(uprojargs, format = "PROJ", multiline = "NO"): Discarded
#> datum Reseau_National_Belge_1972 in CRS definition
#> PROJCRS["Belge 1972 / Belgian Lambert 72",
#> BASEGEOGCRS["Belge 1972",
#> DATUM["Reseau National Belge 1972",
#> ELLIPSOID["International 1924",6378388,297,
#> LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]]],
#>
#> (...)
#>
#> USAGE[
#> SCOPE["unknown"],
#> AREA["Belgium - onshore"],
#> BBOX[49.5,2.5,51.51,6.4]]]
# Same output without warning
cat(raster::wkt(SP))
#> PROJCRS["Belge 1972 / Belgian Lambert 72",
#> BASEGEOGCRS["Belge 1972",
#> DATUM["Reseau National Belge 1972",
#> ELLIPSOID["International 1924",6378388,297,
#> LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]]],
#>
#> (...)
#>
#> USAGE[
#> SCOPE["unknown"],
#> AREA["Belgium - onshore"],
#> BBOX[49.5,2.5,51.51,6.4]]]
光栅
raster
,旧的 proj4 符号和新的 WKT 符号似乎都被存储了。
r <- raster::raster(system.file("external/test.grd", package="raster"))
raster::crs(r)
#> CRS arguments:
#> +proj=sterea +lat_0=52.1561605555556 +lon_0=5.38763888888889
#> +k=0.9999079 +x_0=155000 +y_0=463000 +datum=WGS84 +units=m +no_defs
cat(raster::wkt(r))
#> PROJCRS["unknown",
#> BASEGEOGCRS["unknown",
#> DATUM["World Geodetic System 1984",
#> ELLIPSOID["WGS 84",6378137,298.257223563,
#> LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]],
#> ID["EPSG",6326]],
#>
#> (...)
#>
#> AXIS["(N)",north,
#> ORDER[2],
#> LENGTHUNIT["metre",1,
#> ID["EPSG",9001]]]]
此数据集不包含
+towgs84
proj4string 中的一部分。但是当你阅读
+towgs84
的栅格在 proj4string 中它似乎被删除了。
GISfolder <- "/my/path"
tmp <- raster(paste0(GISfolder, 'my_file.tif'))
#> Warning in showSRID(uprojargs, format = "PROJ", multiline = "NO"): Discarded
#> datum Unknown_based_on_International_1909_Hayford_ellipsoid in CRS definition
raster::crs(tmp)
#> CRS arguments:
#> +proj=lcc +lat_0=90 +lon_0=4.36748666666667 +lat_1=49.8333339
#> +lat_2=51.1666672333333 +x_0=150000.01256 +y_0=5400088.4378 +ellps=intl
#> +units=m +no_defs
cat(raster::wkt(tmp))
#> PROJCRS["unknown",
#> BASEGEOGCRS["unknown",
#> DATUM["Unknown based on International 1909 (Hayford) ellipsoid",
#> ELLIPSOID["International 1909 (Hayford)",6378388,297,
#> LENGTHUNIT["metre",1,
#> ID["EPSG",9001]]]],
#> PRIMEM["Greenwich",0,
#> ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433],
#> ID["EPSG",8901]]],
#>
#> (...)
#>
#> AXIS["(N)",north,
#> ORDER[2],
#> LENGTHUNIT["metre",1,
#> ID["EPSG",9001]]]]
我可能还应该探索当我们使用
stars
时会发生什么包而不是
raster
但是这个问题
raster::extract
的自动重投影
# extract the values from the raster,
# the function extract reprojects the points
# in the same crs as the raster layer
extract(r, SF)
#> Warning in showSRID(uprojargs, format = "PROJ", multiline = "NO"): Discarded datum Unknown_based_on_International_1909_Hayford_ellipsoid in CRS definition,
#> but +towgs84= values preserved
#> Warning in .local(x, y, ...): Transforming SpatialPoints to the CRS of the
#> Raster
#> [1] 351.7868 236.4216 309.0073
extract(r, SP)
#> Warning in .local(x, y, ...): Transforming SpatialPoints to the CRS of the
#> Raster
#> [1] 351.7868 236.4216 309.0073
手动将点重新投影到栅格的 crs
SF_proj <- st_transform(SF, crs = raster::crs(r))
extract(r, SF_proj)
#> [1] 351.7868 236.4216 309.0073
来自栅格的带有 WKT 的 SF
SF_proj <- st_transform(SF, crs = raster::wkt(r))
extract(r, SF_proj)
#> [1] 351.7868 236.4216 309.0073
来自光栅的带有 proj4string 的 SP
SP_proj <- spTransform(SP, raster::crs(r))
extract(r, SP_proj)
#> [1] 351.7868 236.4216 309.0073
来自栅格的带有 WKT 的 SP
sp::spTransform
不接受 wkt fromat –> 不起作用
# error
SP_proj <- spTransform(SP, raster::wkt(r))
#> Error in CRS(CRSobj): PROJ4 argument-value pairs must begin with +: PROJCRS["unknown",
#> BASEGEOGCRS["unknown",
#> DATUM["World Geodetic System 1984",
#> ELLIPSOID["WGS 84",6378137,298.257223563,
#> LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]],
#> ID["EPSG",6326]],
#>
#> (...)
#>
#> AXIS["(N)",north,
#> ORDER[2],
#> LENGTHUNIT["metre",1,
#> ID["EPSG",9001]]]]
# extract(r, SP_proj)
手动将栅格重新投影到点的 crs
# EPSG 31370 proj4 string with the datum:
lambert72 <- sf::st_crs(31370)$proj4string
lambert72
#> [1] "+proj=lcc +lat_0=90 +lon_0=4.36748666666667 +lat_1=51.1666672333333 +lat_2=49.8333339 +x_0=150000.013 +y_0=5400088.438 +ellps=intl +towgs84=-99.059,53.322,-112.486,0.419,-0.83,1.885,-1 +units=m +no_defs"
# there is a warning when we project the raster but the full string seems to be used
r2 <- raster::projectRaster(r, crs = lambert72)
#> Warning in showSRID(uprojargs, format = "PROJ", multiline = "NO"): Discarded datum Unknown_based_on_International_1909_Hayford_ellipsoid in CRS definition,
#> but +towgs84= values preserved
raster::crs(r2)
#> CRS arguments:
#> +proj=lcc +lat_0=90 +lon_0=4.36748666666667 +lat_1=51.1666672333333
#> +lat_2=49.8333339 +x_0=150000.013 +y_0=5400088.438 +ellps=intl
#> +towgs84=-99.059,53.322,-112.486,0.419,-0.83,1.885,-1 +units=m +no_defs
extract(r2, SP)
#> [1] 341.6399 222.1028 301.2286
使用SF的WKT
raster::projectRaster
不接受 WKT 格式
crs
争论
lambert72 <- sf::st_crs(31370)
lambert72
#> Coordinate Reference System:
#> User input: EPSG:31370
#> wkt:
#> BOUNDCRS[
#> SOURCECRS[
#> PROJCRS["Belge 1972 / Belgian Lambert 72",
#> BASEGEOGCRS["Belge 1972",
#> DATUM["Reseau National Belge 1972",
#> ELLIPSOID["International 1924",6378388,297,
#> LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]]],
#> PRIMEM["Greenwich",0,
#>
#> (...)
#>
#> AREA["Belgium - onshore"],
#> BBOX[49.5,2.5,51.51,6.4]],
#> ID["EPSG",1609],
#> REMARK["Scale difference is given by information source as 0.999999. Given in this record in ppm to assist application usage. Very similar parameter values (to slightly less precision) used for BD72 to ETRS89: see code 1652."]]]
r2 <- raster::projectRaster(r, crs = lambert72)
#> Error in wkt(projto): tentative d'obtenir le slot "crs" d'un objet (classe "crs") qui n'est pas un objet S4
使用SP的proj4string(无数据)
# EPSG 31370 proj4 string without the datum:
lambert72 <- sp::CRS("+init=epsg:31370")@projargs
#> Warning in showSRID(uprojargs, format = "PROJ", multiline = "NO"): Discarded
#> datum Reseau_National_Belge_1972 in CRS definition
lambert72
#> [1] "+proj=lcc +lat_0=90 +lon_0=4.36748666666667 +lat_1=51.1666672333333 +lat_2=49.8333339 +x_0=150000.013 +y_0=5400088.438 +ellps=intl +units=m +no_defs"
# warning
r3 <- raster::projectRaster(r, crs = lambert72)
#> Warning in showSRID(uprojargs, format = "PROJ", multiline = "NO"): Discarded
#> datum Unknown_based_on_International_1909_Hayford_ellipsoid in CRS definition
raster::crs(r3)
#> CRS arguments:
#> +proj=lcc +lat_0=90 +lon_0=4.36748666666667 +lat_1=51.1666672333333
#> +lat_2=49.8333339 +x_0=150000.013 +y_0=5400088.438 +ellps=intl +units=m
#> +no_defs
extract(r3, coo)
#> [1] 348.5775 329.1199 277.2260
session 信息
sessionInfo()
#> R version 3.6.2 (2019-12-12)
#> Platform: x86_64-pc-linux-gnu (64-bit)
#> Running under: Ubuntu 18.04.4 LTS
#>
#> (...)
#>
#> other attached packages:
#> [1] raster_3.3-13 sp_1.4-2 sf_0.9-5 knitr_1.29
#>
#> (...)
#>
用于:
GEOS 3.8.0, GDAL 3.0.2, PROJ 6.2.1
创建于 2020-09-03 由
reprex package (v0.3.0)
最佳答案
在 https://gis.stackexchange.com/questions/372692 中给出的一些注释.请先看那里。
- I understand that there is a need for a new notation/format (WKT)implemented in PROJ6 (eg because of a need of higher precision) but Idon’t understand why there is a need to remove the datum part form theold proj4 string notation. Why not just keep it as it has always been(and implement the new features in the new WKT format/notation)
+datum=
部分在 GDAL 中已弃用
exportToProj4()
来自 GDAL >= 3。自
顺丰 ,
rgdal 和
光栅 使用GDAL读取文件,Proj4字符串表示没有全部
+datum=
也许除了 WGS84、NAD83 和 NAD27。警告来自于在
exportToProj4()
之前检查内部存在哪些节点。运行,然后出现。我们不能依赖
+datum=
和
+towgs84=
当我们使用 PROJ >= 6/GDAL >= 3 时。
> library(sf)
Linking to GEOS 3.8.1, GDAL 3.1.3, PROJ 7.1.1
> #> Linking to GEOS 3.8.0, GDAL 3.0.2, PROJ 6.2.1
> library(sp)
> library(raster)
> packageVersion("sf")
[1] ‘0.9.6’
> packageVersion("sp")
[1] ‘1.4.4’
> packageVersion("raster")
[1] ‘3.3.13’
> library(rgdal)
rgdal: version: 1.5-17, (SVN revision 1060)
Geospatial Data Abstraction Library extensions to R successfully loaded
Loaded GDAL runtime: GDAL 3.1.3, released 2020/09/01
Path to GDAL shared files: /usr/local/share/gdal
GDAL binary built with GEOS: TRUE
Loaded PROJ runtime: Rel. 7.1.1, September 1st, 2020, [PJ_VERSION: 711]
Path to PROJ shared files: /home/rsb/.local/share/proj:/usr/local/share/proj:/usr/local/share/proj
PROJ CDN enabled: FALSE
Linking to sp version:1.4-4
To mute warnings of possible GDAL/OSR exportToProj4() degradation,
use options("rgdal_show_exportToProj4_warnings"="none") before loading rgdal.
我正在使用开发版本,以及最新版本的 PROJ 和 GDAL。
> coo <- data.frame(x = c(246000, 247000, 246500), y = c(184000, 186000, 185000))
> SF <- st_as_sf(coo, coords = c("x", "y"), crs = 31370)
> st_crs(SF)$proj4string
[1] "+proj=lcc +lat_0=90 +lon_0=4.36748666666667 +lat_1=51.1666672333333 +lat_2=49.8333339 +x_0=150000.013 +y_0=5400088.438 +ellps=intl +towgs84=-99.059,53.322,-112.486,0.419,-0.83,1.885,-1 +units=m +no_defs"
> st_crs(SF)
Coordinate Reference System:
User input: EPSG:31370
wkt:
PROJCRS["Belge 1972 / Belgian Lambert 72",
BASEGEOGCRS["Belge 1972",
DATUM["Reseau National Belge 1972",
ELLIPSOID["International 1924",6378388,297,
LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]]],
PRIMEM["Greenwich",0,
ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433]],
ID["EPSG",4313]],
CONVERSION["Belgian Lambert 72",
METHOD["Lambert Conic Conformal (2SP)",
ID["EPSG",9802]],
PARAMETER["Latitude of false origin",90,
ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433],
ID["EPSG",8821]],
PARAMETER["Longitude of false origin",4.36748666666667,
ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433],
ID["EPSG",8822]],
PARAMETER["Latitude of 1st standard parallel",51.1666672333333,
ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433],
ID["EPSG",8823]],
PARAMETER["Latitude of 2nd standard parallel",49.8333339,
ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433],
ID["EPSG",8824]],
PARAMETER["Easting at false origin",150000.013,
LENGTHUNIT["metre",1],
ID["EPSG",8826]],
PARAMETER["Northing at false origin",5400088.438,
LENGTHUNIT["metre",1],
ID["EPSG",8827]]],
CS[Cartesian,2],
AXIS["easting (X)",east,
ORDER[1],
LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]],
AXIS["northing (Y)",north,
ORDER[2],
LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]],
USAGE[
SCOPE["unknown"],
AREA["Belgium - onshore"],
BBOX[49.5,2.5,51.51,6.4]],
ID["EPSG",31370]]
现在没有
+datum=
保留在 Proj4 字符串中,但所有 CRS 规范都存在于 WKT2_2019 字符串中。没有
$proj4string
在
"crs"
对象,如果您要求,它会即时生成。
> cat(raster::wkt(as(SF, "Spatial")), "\n")
PROJCRS["Belge 1972 / Belgian Lambert 72",
BASEGEOGCRS["Belge 1972",
DATUM["Reseau National Belge 1972",
ELLIPSOID["International 1924",6378388,297,
LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]]],
PRIMEM["Greenwich",0,
ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433]],
ID["EPSG",4313]],
CONVERSION["Belgian Lambert 72",
METHOD["Lambert Conic Conformal (2SP)",
ID["EPSG",9802]],
PARAMETER["Latitude of false origin",90,
ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433],
ID["EPSG",8821]],
PARAMETER["Longitude of false origin",4.36748666666667,
ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433],
ID["EPSG",8822]],
PARAMETER["Latitude of 1st standard parallel",51.1666672333333,
ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433],
ID["EPSG",8823]],
PARAMETER["Latitude of 2nd standard parallel",49.8333339,
ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433],
ID["EPSG",8824]],
PARAMETER["Easting at false origin",150000.013,
LENGTHUNIT["metre",1],
ID["EPSG",8826]],
PARAMETER["Northing at false origin",5400088.438,
LENGTHUNIT["metre",1],
ID["EPSG",8827]]],
CS[Cartesian,2],
AXIS["easting (X)",east,
ORDER[1],
LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]],
AXIS["northing (Y)",north,
ORDER[2],
LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]],
USAGE[
SCOPE["unknown"],
AREA["Belgium - onshore"],
BBOX[49.5,2.5,51.51,6.4]],
ID["EPSG",31370]]
下一个:
> SP <- coo
> coordinates(SP) <- ~x+y
> proj4string(SP) <- CRS("+init=epsg:31370")
Warning message:
In showSRID(uprojargs, format = "PROJ", multiline = "NO", prefer_proj = prefer_proj) :
Discarded datum Reseau_National_Belge_1972 in CRS definition
> cat(wkt(SP), "\n")
PROJCRS["Belge 1972 / Belgian Lambert 72",
BASEGEOGCRS["Belge 1972",
DATUM["Reseau National Belge 1972",
ELLIPSOID["International 1924",6378388,297,
LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]]],
PRIMEM["Greenwich",0,
ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433]],
ID["EPSG",4313]],
CONVERSION["Belgian Lambert 72",
METHOD["Lambert Conic Conformal (2SP)",
ID["EPSG",9802]],
PARAMETER["Latitude of false origin",90,
ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433],
ID["EPSG",8821]],
PARAMETER["Longitude of false origin",4.36748666666667,
ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433],
ID["EPSG",8822]],
PARAMETER["Latitude of 1st standard parallel",51.1666672333333,
ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433],
ID["EPSG",8823]],
PARAMETER["Latitude of 2nd standard parallel",49.8333339,
ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433],
ID["EPSG",8824]],
PARAMETER["Easting at false origin",150000.013,
LENGTHUNIT["metre",1],
ID["EPSG",8826]],
PARAMETER["Northing at false origin",5400088.438,
LENGTHUNIT["metre",1],
ID["EPSG",8827]],
ID["EPSG",19961]],
CS[Cartesian,2],
AXIS["(E)",east,
ORDER[1],
LENGTHUNIT["metre",1,
ID["EPSG",9001]]],
AXIS["(N)",north,
ORDER[2],
LENGTHUNIT["metre",1,
ID["EPSG",9001]]],
USAGE[
SCOPE["unknown"],
AREA["Belgium - onshore"],
BBOX[49.5,2.5,51.51,6.4]]]
你注意到
+towgs84=
已经没有了,那是因为WKT2_2019中的DATUM绝对足够在需要的时候生成坐标操作了。 PROJ >= 6/GDAL >= 3 不需要转换到 WGS84 GEOGCRS hub 并继续转换到 objective-c RS。警告是因为
sp::CRS()
生成完全指定的 WKT2_2019 字符串和遗留的 Proj4 字符串——现代 PROJ/GDAL 缺少位,我们希望没有人再依赖它——如果你这样做了,你已经被警告了。
关于r - PROJ4 到 PROJ6 升级和 "Discarded datum"警告,我们在Stack Overflow上找到一个类似的问题: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/63727886/
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