Haskell如何打印可变向量

Question

import           Control.Monad.IO.Class  (liftIO)
import           Control.Monad.Primitive
import qualified Data.Vector             as V
import qualified Data.Vector.Mutable     as MV

fromList :: [a] -> IO (MV.IOVector a)
fromList = V.thaw . V.fromList

printMV :: PrimMonad m => MV.MVector (PrimState m) a -> m ()
printMV = liftIO . print . V.freeze

我想打印 MVector(很惊讶没有显示实例)。所以我必须先将它freez 到Vector。然后我遇到了类型错误:

Algo/QuickSort.hs:12:11: error: …
    • Couldn't match type ‘PrimState m’ with ‘PrimState m0’
      Expected type: MV.MVector (PrimState m) a -> m ()
        Actual type: MV.MVector (PrimState m0) a -> m ()
      NB: ‘PrimState’ is a non-injective type family
      The type variable ‘m0’ is ambiguous
    • In the expression: liftIO . print . V.freeze
      In an equation for ‘printMV’: printMV = liftIO . print . V.freeze
    • Relevant bindings include
        printMV :: MV.MVector (PrimState m) a -> m ()
          (bound at /home/skell/btree/Algo/QuickSort.hs:12:1)
   |
Compilation failed.

我也尝试过 IOVector

printMV :: MV.IOVector a -> IO ()
printMV = liftIO . print . V.freeze

这次的错误是不同的:

Algo/QuickSort.hs:12:28: error: …
    • Couldn't match type ‘PrimState m0’ with ‘RealWorld’
      Expected type: MV.IOVector a -> m0 (V.Vector a)
        Actual type: MV.MVector (PrimState m0) a -> m0 (V.Vector a)
      The type variable ‘m0’ is ambiguous
    • In the second argument of ‘(.)’, namely ‘V.freeze’
      In the second argument of ‘(.)’, namely ‘print . V.freeze’
      In the expression: liftIO . print . V.freeze
   |
Compilation failed.

Answer 1

有几件事情正在发生 - 第一个解决方案:

printMV :: MonadIO m => Show a => PrimMonad m => MV.MVector (PrimState m) a -> m ()
printMV v = do
    fv <- V.freeze v
    liftIO $ print fv

所以问题:

• freeze 本身就是一个m-action，所以需要绑定(bind)
• liftIO 需要一个 MonadIO 实例
• 为了让 Vector a 成为 Show - a 也必须在该类中

---

你的第二个版本是相似的:

printMV2 :: Show a => MV.IOVector a -> IO ()
printMV2 v = V.freeze v >>= print

• 需要 a 的 Show 实例
• 需要 >>= V.freeze 的结果(与上面相同 - do 隐式执行此操作)
• 这里不需要 liftIO，因为你已经在里面了