r - 为什么 as.factor 在 apply 内部使用时会返回一个字符？

Question

我想使用 apply() 将变量转换为因子:

a <- data.frame(x1 = rnorm(100),
                x2 = sample(c("a","b"), 100, replace = T),
                x3 = factor(c(rep("a",50) , rep("b",50))))

a2 <- apply(a, 2,as.factor)
apply(a2, 2,class)

结果是:

         x1          x2          x3 
"character" "character" "character" 

我不明白为什么这会导致字符向量而不是因子向量。

Answer 1

apply将您的 data.frame 转换为字符矩阵。使用 lapply :

lapply(a, class)
# $x1
# [1] "numeric"
# $x2
# [1] "factor"
# $x3
# [1] "factor"

在第二个命令中应用将结果转换为字符矩阵，使用 lapply :

a2 <- lapply(a, as.factor)
lapply(a2, class)
# $x1
# [1] "factor"
# $x2
# [1] "factor"
# $x3
# [1] "factor"

但是对于简单的监视，您可以使用 str :

str(a)
# 'data.frame':   100 obs. of  3 variables:
#  $ x1: num  -1.79 -1.091 1.307 1.142 -0.972 ...
#  $ x2: Factor w/ 2 levels "a","b": 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 ...
#  $ x3: Factor w/ 2 levels "a","b": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...

根据评论补充说明:

为什么 lapply 有效而 apply 无效？

第一件事就是 apply do 是将参数转换为矩阵。所以 apply(a)相当于 apply(as.matrix(a)) .如您所见 str(as.matrix(a))给你:

chr [1:100, 1:3] " 0.075124364" "-1.608618269" "-1.487629526" ...
- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
  ..$ : NULL
  ..$ : chr [1:3] "x1" "x2" "x3"

没有更多的因素，所以 class返回 "character"对于所有列。 lapply在列上工作，所以给你你想要的(它对每一列做类似 class(a$column_name) 的事情)。

您可以在帮助中查看 apply为什么 apply和 as.factor不起作用:

In all cases the result is coerced by as.vector to one of the basic vector types before the dimensions are set, so that (for example) factor results will be coerced to a character array.

为什么 sapply和 as.factor不起作用，您可以在帮助中查看 sapply :

Value (...) An atomic vector or matrix or list of the same length as X (...) If simplification occurs, the output type is determined from the highest type of the return values in the hierarchy NULL < raw < logical < integer < real < complex < character < list < expression, after coercion of pairlists to lists.

你永远不会得到因子矩阵或 data.frame。

如何将输出转换为 data.frame ?

简单，使用 as.data.frame正如你在评论中写道:

a2 <- as.data.frame(lapply(a, as.factor))
str(a2)
'data.frame':   100 obs. of  3 variables:
 $ x1: Factor w/ 100 levels "-2.49629293159922",..: 60 6 7 63 45 93 56 98 40 61 ...
 $ x2: Factor w/ 2 levels "a","b": 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 ...
 $ x3: Factor w/ 2 levels "a","b": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...

但是如果你想用 factor 替换选定的字符列有一个技巧:

a3 <- data.frame(x1=letters, x2=LETTERS, x3=LETTERS, stringsAsFactors=FALSE)
str(a3)
'data.frame':   26 obs. of  3 variables:
 $ x1: chr  "a" "b" "c" "d" ...
 $ x2: chr  "A" "B" "C" "D" ...
 $ x3: chr  "A" "B" "C" "D" ...

columns_to_change <- c("x1","x2")
a3[, columns_to_change] <- lapply(a3[, columns_to_change], as.factor)
str(a3)
'data.frame':   26 obs. of  3 variables:
 $ x1: Factor w/ 26 levels "a","b","c","d",..: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ...
 $ x2: Factor w/ 26 levels "A","B","C","D",..: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ...
 $ x3: chr  "A" "B" "C" "D" ...

您可以使用它来替换所有列:

a3 <- data.frame(x1=letters, x2=LETTERS, x3=LETTERS, stringsAsFactors=FALSE)
a3[, ] <- lapply(a3, as.factor)
str(a3)
'data.frame':   26 obs. of  3 variables:
 $ x1: Factor w/ 26 levels "a","b","c","d",..: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ...
 $ x2: Factor w/ 26 levels "A","B","C","D",..: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ...
 $ x3: Factor w/ 26 levels "A","B","C","D",..: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ...