python - 将 pygame 2d 水波纹转换为 pyOpenGL

Question

我有一个 2d pygame 水模拟东西，我是按照教程制作的。我还找到了这个问题的答案来解决教程中的问题:Pygame water physics not working as intended
从那以后，我一直在尝试将此程序转换为使用 pyopengl 来呈现内容。但是，我一直在努力:
A:画水多边形
B:使用平铺纹理对水多边形进行纹理化
这是我(相当糟糕)将此代码转换为 pyopengl 的尝试。

import pygame, random
import math as m

from pygame import *
from OpenGL import *
from OpenGL.GLU import *
from OpenGL.GL import *

pygame.init()

WINDOW_SIZE = (854, 480)
 
screen = pygame.display.set_mode(WINDOW_SIZE,0,32,DOUBLEBUF|OPENGL) # initiate the window

clock = pygame.time.Clock()


def draw_polygon(polygon_points):
    glBegin(GL_POLYGON);
    for i in polygon_points:
        glVertex3fv(i)
    #glEnd()
    
class surface_water_particle():
    
    def __init__(self, x,y):
        self.x_pos = x
        self.y_pos = y
        self.target_y = y
        self.velocity = 0
        self.k = 0.04  
        self.d = 0.08
        self.time = 1

    def update(self):
        x =  self.y_pos - self.target_y
        a = -(self.k * x + self.d * self.velocity)

        if self.y_pos > self.target_y:
            self.y_pos -= 0.1
        if self.y_pos < self.target_y:
            self.y_pos += 0.1
        self.velocity = round(self.velocity)

        self.y_pos += self.velocity
        self.velocity += a

        self.time += 1

class water_tile():
    def __init__(self, x_start, x_end, y_start, y_end, segment_length):
        self.springs = []
        self.x_start = x_start
        self.y_start = y_start
        self.x_end = x_end
        self.y_end = y_end - 10
        for i in range(abs(x_end - x_start) // segment_length):
            self.springs.append(surface_water_particle(i * segment_length + x_start, y_end))

    def update(self, spread):
        passes = 4  # more passes = more splash spreading
        for i in range(len(self.springs)):
            self.springs[i].update() 

        leftDeltas = [0] * len(self.springs)
        rightDeltas = [0] * len(self.springs)
        for p in range(passes):  
            for i in range(0, len(self.springs)):
                if i > 0:  
                    leftDeltas[i] = spread * (self.springs[i].y_pos - self.springs[i - 1].y_pos)
                    self.springs[i - 1].velocity += leftDeltas[i]
                if i < len(self.springs):
                    rightDeltas[i] = spread * (self.springs[i].y_pos - self.springs[(i + 1)%len(self.springs)].y_pos)
                    self.springs[(i + 1)%len(self.springs)].velocity += rightDeltas[i]

            for i in range(0, len(self.springs)):
                if round (leftDeltas[i],12) == 0 or round (rightDeltas[i],12) == 0:
                    self.springs[i - 1].y_pos = self.y_end+10
                if i > 0:
                    self.springs[i - 1].y_pos += leftDeltas[i]  # you were updating velocity here!
                if i < len(self.springs):
                    self.springs[(i + 1)%len(self.springs)].y_pos += rightDeltas[i]
                
    def splash(self, index, speed):
        if index >= 0 and index < len(self.springs):
            self.springs[index].velocity = speed 

    def draw(self):
        water_surface = pygame.Surface((abs(self.x_end-self.x_start), abs(self.y_start - self.y_end)), depth=8).convert_alpha()
        polygon_points = []
        polygon_points.append((self.x_start, self.y_start,0))
        for spring in range(len(self.springs)):
            polygon_points.append((self.springs[spring].x_pos, self.springs[spring].y_pos,0))
        polygon_points.append((self.springs[len(self.springs) - 1].x_pos, self.y_start,0))

        draw_polygon(polygon_points)
        
        return water_surface

class water_object:
    def __init__(self, x_start, x_end, y_start, y_end, segment_length, x_pos, y_pos):
        self.water = water_tile(x_start,x_end,y_start,y_end,segment_length)
        self.image = self.water.draw()
        self.rect = self.image.get_rect()
        self.rect.x = x_pos
        self.rect.y = y_pos

    def update(self):
        self.water.update(0.1)
        self.image = self.water.draw()
        
water_list = [water_object(0,276+16,64,0,16,0,20)]

while True:
    screen.fill((0,0,0))
    for water in water_list:
        gluPerspective(45, (WINDOW_SIZE[0]/WINDOW_SIZE[1]), 0.1, 50.0)
        glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT|GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT)
        water.update()
        #screen.blit(water.image, (water.rect.x,water.rect.y))
        #water_test.x_start = water_test.x_start + 1
        
        #if random.randint(0,8) == 1:
            #water_test.splash(random.randint(0, len(water_test.springs) - 1),2)
        for event in pygame.event.get():
            if event.type == QUIT:
                pygame.quit()
            if event.type == MOUSEBUTTONDOWN:
                print (len(water.water.springs))
                water.water.splash(random.randint(0, len(water.water.springs) - 1),50)

    pygame.display.update()

    clock.tick(60)

然而，尽管我尝试过，但我根本无法在屏幕上显示任何内容。我怎样才能解决这个问题/我怎样才能实现我一直在努力的两件事？

Answer 1

您无法绘制 OpenGL primitive到 pygame.Surface .无论如何，没有必要这样做。
为了获得最佳性能，直接绘制到默认的帧缓冲区(窗口)。
既然要画线，就得用 Line primitive 类型。 GL_POLYGON将绘制一个归档的凸多边形。使用原始类型 GL_LINE_STRIP :

def draw_polygon(polygon_points):
    glBegin(GL_LINE_STRIP)
    for pt in polygon_points:
        glVertex2f(*pt)
    glEnd()

在画线之前，通过 glColor ser 当前颜色:

glColor3f(0, 0, 1)
draw_polygon(polygon_points)

谎言的顶点坐标在窗口空间中指定。因此你必须设置一个 Orthographic projection而不是 Perspective projection .通过 [ glMatrixMode 指定当前矩阵] 并通过 glOrtho 设置投影矩阵.由于矩阵运算不设置矩阵，而是将当前矩阵乘以指定的矩阵，我建议先加载单位矩阵( glLoadIdentity ):

glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION)
glLoadIdentity()
glOrtho(0, WINDOW_SIZE[0], WINDOW_SIZE[1], 0, -1, 1)

glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW)
glLoadIdentity()

在画线之前，您必须通过 glClear 清除帧缓冲区.清晰的颜色可以通过 glClearColor 定义:

glClearColor(1, 1, 1, 1)
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT)

完整示例:

import pygame, random
import math as m

from pygame import *
from OpenGL import *
from OpenGL.GLU import *
from OpenGL.GL import *

pygame.init()

WINDOW_SIZE = (854, 480)
 
screen = pygame.display.set_mode(WINDOW_SIZE, flags=DOUBLEBUF|OPENGL, depth=32, display=0) # initiate the window
clock = pygame.time.Clock()

def draw_polygon(polygon_points):
    glBegin(GL_LINE_STRIP)
    for pt in polygon_points:
        glVertex2f(*pt)
    glEnd()
    
class surface_water_particle():
    
    def __init__(self, x,y):
        self.x_pos = x
        self.y_pos = y
        self.target_y = y
        self.velocity = 0
        self.k = 0.04  
        self.d = 0.08
        self.time = 1

    def update(self):
        x =  self.y_pos - self.target_y
        a = -(self.k * x + self.d * self.velocity)

        if self.y_pos > self.target_y:
            self.y_pos -= 0.1
        if self.y_pos < self.target_y:
            self.y_pos += 0.1
        self.velocity = round(self.velocity)

        self.y_pos += self.velocity
        self.velocity += a

        self.time += 1

class water():
    
    def __init__(self, x_start, x_end, y_start, y_end, segment_length):
        self.springs = []
        self.x_start = x_start
        self.y_start = y_start
        self.x_end = x_end
        self.y_end = y_end - 10
        for i in range(abs(x_end - x_start) // segment_length):
            self.springs.append(surface_water_particle(i * segment_length + x_start, y_end))

    def update(self, spread):
        passes = 4  # more passes = more splash spreading
        for i in range(len(self.springs)):
            self.springs[i].update() 

        leftDeltas = [0] * len(self.springs)
        rightDeltas = [0] * len(self.springs)
        for p in range(passes):  
            for i in range(0, len(self.springs) -1 ):
                if i > 0:  
                    leftDeltas[i] = spread * (self.springs[i].y_pos - self.springs[i - 1].y_pos)
                    self.springs[i - 1].velocity += leftDeltas[i]
                if i < len(self.springs) - 1:
                    rightDeltas[i] = spread * (self.springs[i].y_pos - self.springs[i + 1].y_pos)
                    self.springs[i + 1].velocity += rightDeltas[i]

            for i in range(0, len(self.springs) -1):
                if i > 0:
                    self.springs[i - 1].y_pos += leftDeltas[i]  # you were updating velocity here!
                if i < len(self.springs) - 1:
                    self.springs[i + 1].y_pos += rightDeltas[i]

               
                
    def splash(self, index, speed):
        if index > 0 and index < len(self.springs) :
            self.springs[index].velocity = speed
                
    def draw(self):
        water_surface = pygame.Surface((abs(self.x_start - self.x_end), abs(self.y_start - self.y_end))).convert_alpha()
        water_surface.fill((0,0,0,0))
        water_surface.set_colorkey((0,0,0,0))
        polygon_points = []
        polygon_points.append((self.x_start, self.y_start))
        for spring in range(len(self.springs)):
            polygon_points.append((self.springs[spring].x_pos, self.springs[spring].y_pos))
        polygon_points.append((self.springs[len(self.springs) - 1].x_pos, self.y_start))

        glColor3f(0, 0, 1)
        draw_polygon(polygon_points)
        
water_test = water(0,800,200,200, 3)

glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION)
glLoadIdentity()
glOrtho(0, WINDOW_SIZE[0], WINDOW_SIZE[1], 0, -1, 1)

glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW)
glLoadIdentity()

glClearColor(1, 1, 1, 1)

while True:
    for event in pygame.event.get():
        if event.type == QUIT:
            pygame.quit()
        if event.type == MOUSEBUTTONDOWN:
            water_test.splash(50, 100)
    
    glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT)
    
    water_test.update(0.025)
    water_test.draw()

    pygame.display.flip()
    clock.tick(60)