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我有一个 3d网格,其中网格上的每个点(x,y,z) 与 成本值相关联。一点(x,y,z)的成本是,事先不知道。要知道成本,我们需要进行一个复杂的查询,这确实很昂贵。我们对该对象了解的一件事是,成本在所有3个维度内单调不变。
现在给定成本C,我需要找出表面上具有成本C 的点(x,y,z)。这必须通过仅花费最小的来完成。如何解决我的问题?
当我在线搜索时,我得到了与轮廓识别相关的技术,但是所有这些技术都假定所有点的成本都像Marching cubes方法等那样事先知道。在我的情况下,主要度量标准是要计算的点数应最少。
如果有人可以提出一种至少可以获取近似位置的方法,那将很有帮助。
最佳答案
改写说明:
(原始文本(在可能向某人澄清主意的情况下,在该行下保持不变))
我们在三维上有一些函数f(x,y,z),我们希望找到曲面f(x,y,z)= c。由于该函数产生单个数字,因此它定义了a scalar field,而我们要查找的表面是isosurface c。
在我们的案例中,评估函数f(x,y,z)的成本非常高,因此我们希望将使用它的次数减至最少。不幸的是,大多数等值面算法都相反。
我的建议是使用与Fractint用于二维分形的相似的等值面走动。在代码方面,它很复杂,但是它应该使所需的功能评估的数量减至最少,这恰恰是在Fractint中实现的目的。
背景/历史:
In the late 1980s and early 1990s, I encoutered a fractal drawing suite Fractint. Computers were much slower then, and evaluating each point was painfully slow. A lot of effort was made in Fractint to make it display the fractals as fast as possible, but still accurately. (Some of you might remember the color-cycling it could do, by rotating the colors in the palette used. It was hypnotic; here is a Youtube clip from the 1995 documentary "Colors of Infinity", which both color-cycles and zooms in. Calculating a full-screen fractal could take hours (at high zoom factors, close to the actual fractal set), but then you could (save it as an image and) use the color-cycling to "animate" it.)
Some of those fractals were, or had regions, where the number of iterations needed was monotonically non-decreasing toward the actual fractal set fractal -- that is, no "islands" sticking out, just steady occasional increase in iteration steps --, one fast evaluation mode used edge tracing to locate the boundary where the number of iterations changed: in other words, the regions filled with a single color. After closing a region, it then traced towards the center of that region to find the next iteration edge; after that was closed too, it could just fill the donut- or C-shaped region between those boundaries with the correct constant color, without evaluating the function for those pixels!
Here, we have a very similar situation, except in three dimensions instead of two. Each isosurface is also two-dimensional by definition, so really, all that changes, is how we walk the boundary.
The walk itself is similar to flood fill algorithms, except that we walk in three dimensions, and our boundary is the isosurface we're tracing.
f(x,y,z) ≤ c
f(x+1, y, z) > c
f(x, y+1, z) > c
f(x+1, y+1, z) > c
f(x, y, z+1) > c
f(x+1, y, z+1) > c
f(x, y+1, z+1) > c
f(x+1, y+1, z+1) > c
f(x,y,z) < c
f(x+1, y, z) ≥ c
f(x, y+1, z) ≥ c
f(x+1, y+1, z) ≥ c
f(x, y, z+1) ≥ c
f(x+1, y, z+1) ≥ c
f(x, y+1, z+1) ≥ c
f(x+1, y+1, z+1) ≥ c
The approach shown here actually works for any f(x,y,z) that has only one maximum within the sampled region, say at (xMAX,yMAX,zMAX); and only one minimum, say at (xMIN,yMIN,zMIN); with no local maxima or minima within the sampled region.
In that case, the rule is that at least one of f(x,y,z), f(x+1,y,z), f(x,y+1,z), f(x+1,y+1,z), f(x,y,z), f(x+1,y,z), f(x,y+1,z), f(x+1,y+1,z) must be below or equal to c, and at least one above or equal to c, and not all equal to c.
Also, an initial cell an isosurface c passes through can then always be found using a binary search between (xMAX,yMAX,zMAX) and (xMIN,yMIN,zMIN), limiting the coordinates to 0 ≤ xMAX,yMAX,zMAX,xMIN,yMIN,zMIN ≤ N-2 (to only consider valid cells, in other words).
If the function is not monotonic, locating an initial cell the isosurface c passes through is more complicated. In that case, you need a different approach. (If you can find the grid coordinates for all local maxima and minima, then you can do binary searches from global minimum to local maxima above c, and from local minima below c to global maximum.)
Because we sample the function f(x,y,z) at intervals, we implicitly assume it to be continous. If that is not true -- and you need to show also the discontinuities -- you can augment the grid with discontinuity information at each point (seven boolean flags or bits per grid point, for "discontinuity from (x,y,z) to (x+,y+,z+)"). The surface walking then must also respect (not cross) such discontinuities.
typedef struct {
size_t xsize;
size_t ysize;
size_t zsize;
size_t size; /* xsize * ysize * zsize */
size_t xstride; /* [z][y][x] array = 1 */
size_t ystride; /* [z][y][x] array = xsize */
size_t zstride; /* [z][y][x] array = xsize * ysize */
double xorigin; /* Function x for grid coordinate x = 0 */
double yorigin; /* Function y for grid coordinate y = 0 */
double zorigin; /* Function z for grid coordinate z = 0 */
double xunit; /* Function x for grid coordinate x = 1 */
double yunit; /* Function y for grid coordinate y = 1 */
double zunit; /* Function z for grid coordinate z = 1 */
/* Function to obtain a new sample */
void *data;
double *sample(void *data, double x, double y, double z);
/* Walking stack */
size_t stack_size;
size_t stack_used;
size_t *stack;
unsigned char *cell; /* CELL_ flags */
double *cache; /* Cached samples */
} grid;
#define CELL_UNKNOWN (0U)
#define CELL_SAMPLED (1U)
#define CELL_STACKED (2U)
#define CELL_WALKED (4U)
double grid_sample(const grid *const g, const size_t gx, const size_t gy, const size_t gz)
{
const size_t i = gx * g->xstride + gy * g->ystride + gz * g->zstride;
if (!(g->cell[i] & CELL_SAMPLED)) {
g->cell[i] |= CELL_SAMPLED;
g->cache[i] = g->sample(g->data, g->xorigin + (double)gx * g->xunit,
g->yorigin + (double)gy * g->yunit,
g->zorigin + (double)gz * g->zunit);
}
return g->cache[i];
}
size_t grid_find(const grid *const g, const double c)
{
const size_t none = g->size;
size_t xmin = 0;
size_t ymin = 0;
size_t zmin = 0;
size_t xmax = g->xsize - 2;
size_t ymax = g->ysize - 2;
size_t zmax = g->zsize - 2;
double s;
s = grid_sample(g, xmin, ymin, zmin);
if (s > c) {
return none;
}
if (s == c)
return xmin*g->xstride + ymin*g->ystride + zmin*g->zstride;
s = grid_sample(g, xmax, ymax, zmax);
if (s < c)
return none;
if (s == c)
return xmax*g->xstride + ymax*g->ystride + zmax*g->zstride;
while (1) {
const size_t x = xmin + (xmax - xmin) / 2;
const size_t y = ymin + (ymax - ymin) / 2;
const size_t z = zmin + (zmax - zmin) / 2;
if (x == xmin && y == ymin && z == zmin)
return x*g->xstride + y*g->ystride + z*g->zstride;
s = grid_sample(g, x, y, z);
if (s < c) {
xmin = x;
ymin = y;
zmin = z;
} else
if (s > c) {
xmax = x;
ymax = y;
zmax = z;
} else
return x*g->xstride + y*g->ystride + z*g->zstride;
}
}
#define GRID_X(grid, index) (((index) / (grid)->xstride)) % (grid)->xsize)
#define GRID_Y(grid, index) (((index) / (grid)->ystride)) % (grid)->ysize)
#define GRID_Z(grid, index) (((index) / (grid)->zstride)) % (grid)->zsize)
static void grid_push(grid *const g, const size_t cell_index)
{
/* If the stack is full, remove cells already walked. */
if (g->stack_used >= g->stack_size) {
const size_t n = g->stack_used;
size_t *const s = g->stack;
unsigned char *const c = g->cell;
size_t i = 0;
size_t o = 0;
while (i < n)
if (c[s[i]] & CELL_WALKED)
i++;
else
s[o++] = s[i++];
g->stack_used = o;
}
/* Grow stack if still necessary. */
if (g->stack_used >= g->stack_size) {
size_t *new_stack;
size_t new_size;
if (g->stack_used < 1024)
new_size = 1024;
else
if (g->stack_used < 1048576)
new_size = g->stack_used * 2;
else
new_size = (g->stack_used | 1048575) + 1048448;
new_stack = realloc(g->stack, new_size * sizeof g->stack[0]);
if (new_stack == NULL) {
/* FATAL ERROR, out of memory */
}
g->stack = new_stack;
g->stack_size = new_size;
}
/* Unnecessary check.. */
if (!(g->cell[cell_index] & (CELL_STACKED | CELL_WALKED)))
g->stack[g->stack_used++] = cell_index;
}
static size_t grid_pop(grid *const g)
{
while (g->stack_used > 0 &&
g->cell[g->stack[g->stack_used - 1]] & CELL_WALKED)
g->stack_used--;
if (g->stack_used > 0)
return g->stack[--g->stack_used];
return g->size; /* "none" */
}
int isosurface(grid *const g, const double c,
int (*report)(grid *const g,
const size_t x, const size_t y, const size_t z,
const double c,
const double x0y0z0,
const double x1y0z0,
const double x0y1z0,
const double x1y1z0,
const double x0y0z1,
const double x1y0z1,
const double x0y1z1,
const double x1y1z1))
{
const size_t xend = g->xsize - 2; /* Since we examine x+1, too */
const size_t yend = g->ysize - 2; /* Since we examine y+1, too */
const size_t zend = g->zsize - 2; /* Since we examine z+1, too */
const size_t xstride = g->xstride;
const size_t ystride = g->ystride;
const size_t zstride = g->zstride;
unsigned char *const cell = g->cell;
double x0y0z0, x1y0z0, x0y1z0, x1y1z0,
x0y0z1, x1y0z1, x0y1z1, x1y1z1; /* Cell corner samples */
size_t x, y, z, i;
int r;
/* Clear walk stack. */
g->stack_used = 0;
/* Clear walked and stacked flags from the grid cell map. */
i = g->size;
while (i-->0)
g->cell[i] &= ~(CELL_WALKED | CELL_STACKED);
i = grid_find(g, c);
if (i >= g->size)
return errno = ENOENT; /* No isosurface c */
x = (i / g->xstride) % g->xsize;
y = (i / g->ystride) % g->ysize;
z = (i / g->zstride) % g->zsize;
/* We need to limit x,y,z to the valid *cell* coordinates. */
if (x > xend) x = xend;
if (y > yend) y = yend;
if (z > zend) z = zend;
i = x*g->xstride + y*g->ystride + z*g->zstride;
if (x > xend || y > yend || z > zend)
return errno = ENOENT; /* grid_find() returned an edge cell */
grid_push(g, i);
while ((i = grid_pop) < g->size) {
x = (i / g->xstride) % g->xsize;
y = (i / g->ystride) % g->ysize;
z = (i / g->zstride) % g->zsize;
cell[i] |= CELL_WALKED;
x0y0z0 = grid_sample(g, x, y, z);
if (x0y0z0 > c)
continue;
x1y0z0 = grid_sample(g, 1+x, y, z);
x0y1z0 = grid_sample(g, x, 1+y, z);
x1y1z0 = grid_sample(g, 1+x, 1+y, z);
x0y0z1 = grid_sample(g, x, y, 1+z);
x1y0z1 = grid_sample(g, 1+x, y, 1+z);
x0y1z1 = grid_sample(g, x, 1+y, 1+z);
x1y1z1 = grid_sample(g, 1+x, 1+y, 1+z);
/* Isosurface does not pass through this cell?!
* (Note: I think this check is unnecessary.) */
if (x1y0z0 < c && x0y1z0 < c && x1y1z0 < c &&
x0y0z1 < c && x1y0z1 < c && x0y1z1 < c &&
x1y1z1 < c)
continue;
/* Report the cell. */
if (report) {
r = report(g, x, y, z, c, x0y0z0, x1y0z0,
x0y1z0, x1y1z0, x0y0z1, x1y0z1,
x0y1z1, x1y1z1);
if (r) {
errno = 0;
return r;
}
}
/* Could the surface extend to -x? */
if (x > 0 &&
!(cell[i - xstride] & (CELL_WALKED | CELL_STACKED)) &&
( x0y1z0 >= c || x0y0z1 >= c ))
grid_push(g, i - xstride);
/* Could the surface extend to -y? */
if (y > 0 &&
!(cell[i - ystride] & (CELL_WALKED | CELL_STACKED)) &&
( x0y0z1 >= c || x1y0z0 >= c ))
grid_push(g, i - ystride);
/* Could the surface extend to -z? */
if (z > 0 &&
!(cell[i - zstride] & (CELL_WALKED | CELL_STACKED)) &&
( x1y0z0 >= c || x0y1z0 >= c ))
grid_push(g, i - zstride);
/* Could the surface extend to +x? */
if (x < xend &&
!(cell[i + xstride] & (CELL_WALKED | CELL_STACKED)) &&
( x0y1z0 >= c || x0y0z1 >= c ))
grid_push(g, i + xstride);
/* Could the surface extend to +y? */
if (y < xend &&
!(cell[i + ystride] & (CELL_WALKED | CELL_STACKED)) &&
( x1y0z0 >= c || x0y0z1 >= c ))
grid_push(g, i + ystride);
/* Could the surface extend to +z? */
if (z < xend &&
!(cell[i + zstride] & (CELL_WALKED | CELL_STACKED)) &&
( x1y0z0 >= c || x0y1z0 >= c ))
grid_push(g, i + zstride);
}
/* All done. */
errno = 0;
return 0;
}
if (c0 == c && c1 == c)
/* Entire edge is on the isosurface */
else
if (c0 == c)
/* Isosurface intersects edge at p0 */
else
if (c1 == c)
/* Isosurface intersects edge at p1 */
else
if (c0 < c && c1 > c)
/* Isosurface intersects edge at p0 + (p1-p0)*(c-c0)/(c1-c0) */
else
if (c0 > c && c1 < c)
/* Isosurface intersects edge at p1 + (p0-p1)*(c-c1)/(c0-c1) */
else
/* Isosurface does not intersect the edge */
If the function is actually monotonically increasing along each dimension, then it is possible to map f(x,y,z)=c to X(y,z)=x, Y(x,z)=y, Z(x,y)=z, although any one of the three is sufficient to define the isosurface c. This is because the isosurface can only cross any line spanning the box in at most one point.
If the function is monotonically non-decreasing instead, the isosurface can intersect any line spanning the box still only once, but the intersection can be wider (than a point) along the line. In practice, you can handle this by considering only the lower or upper surfaces of the isovolumes (volumes with a static field); i.e. only the transition from-lower-than-c-to-c-or-greater, or the transition from-c-or-lower-to-greater-than-c. In all cases, you're not really looking for the isosurface value c, but trying to locate where a pair of the field samples crosses c.
关于c - 在3D网格上以最小的点成本有效地找到等成本点,我们在Stack Overflow上找到一个类似的问题: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/27258941/
#include using namespace std; class C{ private: int value; public: C(){ value = 0;
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