generics - 重写一个函数以接受AsRef 而不是＆Path

Question

如何编写以下函数以不仅接受Path，还接受String或&str？

fn find_database1<'a>(path: &'a Path) -> Option<&'a Path> {
    path.parent()
}

编写完上述函数后，我想将其转换为一种形式，不仅接受 Path，而且接受 String或 &str。我得到了以下两个版本，每个版本都不起作用。函数 find_database3旨在更好地了解原因，但不幸的是，我不明白为什么它不起作用。

fn find_database2<'a, P>(path: P) -> Option<&'a Path>
where
    P: 'a + AsRef<Path>,
{
    path.as_ref().parent()
}

fn find_database3<'a, P>(path: P) -> Option<&'a Path>
where
    P: 'a + AsRef<Path>,
{
    let _path: &'a Path = path.as_ref();
    _path.parent()
}

这些是我得到的错误:

error[E0515]: cannot return value referencing function parameter `path`
  --> src/main.rs:11:5
   |
11 |     path.as_ref().parent()
   |     ----^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
   |     |
   |     returns a value referencing data owned by the current function
   |     `path` is borrowed here

error[E0597]: `path` does not live long enough
  --> src/main.rs:18:27
   |
14 | fn find_database3<'a, P>(path: P) -> Option<&'a Path>
   |                   -- lifetime `'a` defined here
...
18 |     let _path: &'a Path = path.as_ref();
   |                --------   ^^^^ borrowed value does not live long enough
   |                |
   |                type annotation requires that `path` is borrowed for `'a`
19 |     _path.parent()
20 | }
   | - `path` dropped here while still borrowed

use std::path::Path;

fn main() {
    let path_str: &str = "root/path";
    let path_string: String = path_str.to_string();
    let path_path: &Path = &Path::new(path_str);

    let root = find_database1(path_path);
    println!("{:?}", root);

    find_database2(path_str);
    find_database2(path_string);
    let root = find_database2(path_path);
    println!("{:?}", root);
}

Link to Playground

Answer 1

Path::parent 具有以下签名:

fn parent(&self) -> Option<&Path>;

因此，返回的结果将保留对调用方拥有的某些数据的引用。您不能在 parent()上调用 String，然后再删除 String，因为这会使 parent()返回的引用无效。如果您放宽了对 String的接受并改为接受 &String的要求，则可以使函数正常工作。例子:

use std::path::Path;

// takes &str, &String, or &Path
fn find_database2<'a, P>(path: &'a P) -> Option<&'a Path>
    where P: 'a + ?Sized + AsRef<Path>,
{
    path.as_ref().parent()
}

fn main() {
    let path_str: &str = "root/path";
    let path_string: String = path_str.to_string();
    let path_path: &Path = &Path::new(path_str);

    find_database2(path_str); // &str
    find_database2(&path_string); // &String
    let root = find_database2(path_path); // &Path
    println!("{:?}", root);
}

playground
另一方面，如果您确实想接受 String，则可以将 Option<&Path>转换为函数体内的 Option<PathBuf>。这是有效的，因为 PathBuf是 Path的拥有版本:

use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};

// takes &str, &String, String, &Path, or PathBuf
fn find_database2<'a, P>(path: P) -> Option<PathBuf>
    where P: 'a + AsRef<Path>,
{
    path.as_ref().parent().map(|path| {
        let mut path_buf = PathBuf::new();
        path_buf.push(path);
        path_buf
    })
}

fn main() {
    let path_str: &str = "root/path";
    let path_string: String = path_str.to_string();
    let path_path: &Path = &Path::new(path_str);

    find_database2(path_str); // &str
    find_database2(&path_string); // &String
    find_database2(path_string); // String
    let root = find_database2(path_path); // &Path
    println!("{:?}", root);
}

playground