rust - rust 的生命周期相互矛盾

Question

代码是让score_handler在方法operation()中处理某个学校的分数，handle()只是进行一些计算而不是保留self.school的引用:

trait Class{
    fn student_count(&self, )->usize;
    fn student_score(&self, i: usize) ->u64;
}

trait School<'a>{
    fn class_count(&self)->usize;
    fn class(&'a self, i:usize)->&'a dyn Class;
}

trait ScoreHandler<'a> {
    fn handle(&'a mut self, school: &'a dyn School<'a>);
}

struct Coordinator<'a>{
    some_value: u64,
    school: &'a dyn School<'a>,
    score_handler: &'a mut dyn ScoreHandler<'a>
}

impl Coordinator<'_>{
    pub fn main(&mut self){
        self.operate();
        if self.some_value == 0 {
            println!("0");
        }
    }
    fn operate(&mut self){
        self.score_handler.handle(self.school);
    }
}

我有错误:

error[E0495]: cannot infer an appropriate lifetime for autoref due to conflicting requirements
  -> mytest/main/src/main.rs:29:28
   |
29 |         self.score_handler.handle(self.school);
   |                            ^^^^^^
   |
note: first, the lifetime cannot outlive the anonymous lifetime #1 defined on the method body at 28:5...
  -> mytest/main/src/main.rs:28:5
   |
28 | /     fn operate(&mut self){
29 | |         self.score_handler.handle(self.school);
30 | |     }
   | |_____^
note: ...so that reference does not outlive borrowed content
  -> mytest/main/src/main.rs:29:9
   |
29 |         self.score_handler.handle(self.school);
   |         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
note: but, the lifetime must be valid for the lifetime `'_` as defined on the impl at 21:18...
  --> mytest/main/src/main.rs:21:18
   |
21 | impl Coordinator<'_>{
   |                  ^^
note: ...so that the types are compatible
  --> mytest/main/src/main.rs:29:28
   |
29 |         self.score_handler.handle(self.school);
   |                            ^^^^^^
   = note: expected `&mut dyn ScoreHandler<'_>`
              found `&mut dyn ScoreHandler<'_>`

...

所以我将<'_>更改为<'a>，如下所示:

trait Class{
    fn student_count(&self, )->usize;
    fn student_score(&self, i: usize) ->u64;
}

trait School<'a>{
    fn class_count(&self)->usize;
    fn class(&'a self, i:usize)->&'a dyn Class;
}

trait ScoreHandler<'a> {
    fn handle(&'a mut self, school: &'a dyn School<'a>);
}

struct Coordinator<'a>{
    some_value: u64,
    school: &'a dyn School<'a>,
    score_handler: &'a mut dyn ScoreHandler<'a>
}

impl<'a> Coordinator<'a>{
    pub fn main(&'a mut self){
        self.operate();
        if self.some_value == 0 {
            println!("0");
        }
    }
    fn operate(&'a mut self){
        self.score_handler.handle(self.school);
    }
}

我有错误:

error[E0503]: cannot use `self.some_value` because it was mutably borrowed
  --> mytest/main/src/main.rs:24:12
   |
21 | impl<'a> Coordinator<'a>{
   |      -- lifetime `'a` defined here
22 |     pub fn main(&'a mut self){
23 |         self.operate();
   |         --------------
   |         |
   |         borrow of `*self` occurs here
   |         argument requires that `*self` is borrowed for `'a`
24 |         if self.some_value == 0 {
   |            ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ use of borrowed `*self`

error[E0503]: cannot use `self.some_value` because it was mutably borrowed
  --> mytest/main/src/main.rs:24:12
   |
21 | impl<'a> Coordinator<'a>{
   |      -- lifetime `'a` defined here
22 |     pub fn main(&'a mut self){
23 |         self.operate();
   |         --------------
   |         |
   |         borrow of `*self` occurs here
   |         argument requires that `*self` is borrowed for `'a`
24 |         if self.some_value == 0 {
   |            ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ use of borrowed `*self`
...

我想知道是否有人可以为我提供一个很好的解决方案，谢谢!

Answer 1

首先:我强烈建议您重新考虑您的类型体系结构。为什么Class和School特性？您的不同类是否具有不同的实现细节，例如，一个内部使用Vec，另一个内部使用HashMap？
正如rodrigo在注释中已经指出的那样，您只需删除几个'a即可进行编译。原因是，从字面上看，您的代码说的是，Coordinator::operate()的可变自我借用持续的时间与Coordinator::main()的可变自我借用的持续时间一样长，但是您在那里重新借用。
然后看起来像这样:

trait Class {
    fn student_count(&self) -> usize;
    fn student_score(&self, i: usize) -> u64;
}

trait School<'a> {
    fn class_count(&self) -> usize;
    fn class(&'a self, i: usize) -> &'a dyn Class;
}

trait ScoreHandler<'a> {
    fn handle(&mut self, school: &'a dyn School<'a>);
}
struct Coordinator<'a> {
    some_value: u64,
    school: &'a dyn School<'a>,
    score_handler: &'a mut dyn ScoreHandler<'a>,
}

impl<'a> Coordinator<'a> {
    pub fn main(&mut self) {
        self.operate();
        if self.some_value == 0 {
            println!("0");
        }
    }
    fn operate(&mut self) {
        self.score_handler.handle(self.school);
    }
}

当然，您还必须定义一些实际的结构来实现这些特征，我将举一个例子:

struct ClassA {
    student_scores: Vec<u64>,
}

impl Class for ClassA {
    fn student_count(&self) -> usize {
        self.student_scores.len()
    }
    fn student_score(&self, i: usize) -> u64 {
        self.student_scores[i]
    }
}

struct SchoolA<'a> {
    classes: Vec<&'a dyn Class>,
}

impl<'a> School<'a> for SchoolA<'a> {
    fn class_count(&self) -> usize {
        self.classes.len()
    }
    fn class(&'a self, i: usize) -> &'a dyn Class {
        self.classes[i]
    }
}

struct ScoreHandlerA {
    some_internal_state: u64,
}

impl<'a> ScoreHandler<'a> for ScoreHandlerA {
    fn handle(&mut self, school: &'a dyn School<'a>) {
        for i in 0..school.class_count() {
            println!("Handling a class in a school");
        }
    }
}

再说一次，您的主体可能看起来像这样:

fn main() {
    let classes = vec![ClassA {
        student_scores: vec![13, 14, 15],
    }];
    let school = SchoolA {
        classes: classes.iter().map(|c| c as &dyn Class).collect(),
    };
    let mut coordinator = Coordinator {
        some_value: 13,
        school: &school,
        score_handler: &mut ScoreHandlerA {
            some_internal_state: 0,
        },
    };

    coordinator.main();
}