apache - 如何使用 mod_headers 和 mod_expires 进行缓存

Question

我想在我的网站上缓存图像和其他文件，所以我所做的是确保 mod_headers 和 mod_expires 具有:-

/usr/sbin/httpd -l

然后将 .htaccess 编辑为:-

ExpiresActive On
ExpiresDefault A0


# Set up caching on media files for 1 year (forever?)
<FilesMatch "\.(flv|ico|pdf|avi|mov|ppt|doc|mp3|wmv|wav)$">
ExpiresDefault A29030400
Header append Cache-Control "public"
</FilesMatch>

# Set up caching on media files for 1 week
<FilesMatch "\.(gif|jpg|jpeg|png|swf)$">
ExpiresDefault A604800
Header append Cache-Control "public"
</FilesMatch>

# Set up 2 Hour caching on commonly updated files
<FilesMatch "\.(xml|txt|html|js|css)$">
ExpiresDefault A9200
Header append Cache-Control "proxy-revalidate"
</FilesMatch>

# Force no caching for dynamic files
<FilesMatch "\.(php|htm)$">
ExpiresActive Off
Header set Cache-Control "private, no-cache, no-store, proxy-revalidate, no-transform"
Header set Pragma "no-cache"
</FilesMatch>

<Files 403.shtml>
order allow,deny
allow from all
</Files>

但是当我浏览该网站时，每次重新加载图像都会花费太多时间。还有什么我应该做的吗？

Answer 1

您不需要公共(public)缓存控制或大多数其他缓存控制设置。 Pragma 也很旧，并不真正需要。你真的不需要任何 php|htm 部分。我会说从一开始到 <files 403.shtml> 都报废一切部分并研究(和使用)下面的代码。我还建议阅读 Mark Nottingham's caching tutorial
Apache 的以下位 .htaccess代码取自 html5-boilerplate .htaccess 的旧版本并在此处显示用于教育目的。对于您的项目，请使用 h5bp/html5-boilerplate 中的最新版本存储库。

# ######################################################################
# # MEDIA TYPES AND CHARACTER ENCODINGS                                #
# ######################################################################

# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# | Media types                                                        |
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------

# Serve resources with the proper media types (f.k.a. MIME types).
#
# https://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/media-types.xhtml
# https://httpd.apache.org/docs/current/mod/mod_mime.html#addtype

<IfModule mod_mime.c>

  # Data interchange

    AddType application/atom+xml                        atom
    AddType application/json                            json map topojson
    AddType application/ld+json                         jsonld
    AddType application/rss+xml                         rss
    AddType application/vnd.geo+json                    geojson
    AddType application/xml                             rdf xml


  # JavaScript

    # Normalize to standard type.
    # https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4329#section-7.2

    AddType application/javascript                      js


  # Manifest files

    # If you are providing a web application manifest file (see
    # the specification: https://w3c.github.io/manifest/), it is
    # recommended that you serve it with the `application/manifest+json`
    # media type.
    #
    # Because the web application manifest file doesn't have its
    # own unique file extension, you can set its media type either
    # by matching:
    #
    # 1) the exact location of the file (this can be done using a
    #    directive such as `<Location>`, but it will NOT work in
    #    the `.htaccess` file, so you will have to do it in the main
    #    server configuration file or inside of a `<VirtualHost>`
    #    container)
    #
    #    e.g.:
    #
    #       <Location "/.well-known/manifest.json">
    #           AddType application/manifest+json               json
    #       </Location>
    #
    # 2) the filename (this can be problematic as you will need to
    #    ensure that you don't have any other file with the same name
    #    as the one you gave to your web application manifest file)
    #
    #    e.g.:
    #
    #       <Files "manifest.json">
    #           AddType application/manifest+json               json
    #       </Files>

    AddType application/x-web-app-manifest+json         webapp
    AddType text/cache-manifest                         appcache


  # Media files

    AddType audio/mp4                                   f4a f4b m4a
    AddType audio/ogg                                   oga ogg opus
    AddType image/bmp                                   bmp
    AddType image/svg+xml                               svg svgz
    AddType image/webp                                  webp
    AddType video/mp4                                   f4v f4p m4v mp4
    AddType video/ogg                                   ogv
    AddType video/webm                                  webm
    AddType video/x-flv                                 flv

    # Serving `.ico` image files with a different media type
    # prevents Internet Explorer from displaying then as images:
    # https://github.com/h5bp/html5-boilerplate/commit/37b5fec090d00f38de64b591bcddcb205aadf8ee

    AddType image/x-icon                                cur ico


  # Web fonts

    AddType application/font-woff                       woff
    AddType application/font-woff2                      woff2
    AddType application/vnd.ms-fontobject               eot

    # Browsers usually ignore the font media types and simply sniff
    # the bytes to figure out the font type.
    # https://mimesniff.spec.whatwg.org/#matching-a-font-type-pattern
    #
    # However, Blink and WebKit based browsers will show a warning
    # in the console if the following font types are served with any
    # other media types.

    AddType application/x-font-ttf                      ttc ttf
    AddType font/opentype                               otf


  # Other

    AddType application/octet-stream                    safariextz
    AddType application/x-bb-appworld                   bbaw
    AddType application/x-chrome-extension              crx
    AddType application/x-opera-extension               oex
    AddType application/x-xpinstall                     xpi
    AddType text/vcard                                  vcard vcf
    AddType text/vnd.rim.location.xloc                  xloc
    AddType text/vtt                                    vtt
    AddType text/x-component                            htc

</IfModule>


# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# | Reducing MIME type security risks                                  |
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------

# Prevent some browsers from MIME-sniffing the response.
#
# This reduces exposure to drive-by download attacks and cross-origin
# data leaks, and should be left uncommented, especially if the server
# is serving user-uploaded content or content that could potentially be
# treated as executable by the browser.
#
# http://www.slideshare.net/hasegawayosuke/owasp-hasegawa
# http://blogs.msdn.com/b/ie/archive/2008/07/02/ie8-security-part-v-comprehensive-protection.aspx
# https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ie/gg622941.aspx
# https://mimesniff.spec.whatwg.org/

<IfModule mod_headers.c>
    Header set X-Content-Type-Options "nosniff"
</IfModule>

# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# | ETags                                                              |
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------

# Remove `ETags` as resources are sent with far-future expires headers.
#
# https://developer.yahoo.com/performance/rules.html#etags
# https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7232#section-2.3

# `FileETag None` doesn't work in all cases.
<IfModule mod_headers.c>
    Header unset ETag
</IfModule>

FileETag None

# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# | Expires headers                                                    |
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------

# Serve resources with far-future expires headers.
#
# (!) If you don't control versioning with filename-based
# cache busting, you should consider lowering the cache times
# to something like one week.
#
# https://httpd.apache.org/docs/current/mod/mod_expires.html

<IfModule mod_expires.c>

    ExpiresActive on
    ExpiresDefault                                      "access plus 1 month"

  # CSS
    ExpiresByType text/css                              "access plus 1 year"

  # Data interchange
    ExpiresByType application/atom+xml                  "access plus 1 hour"
    ExpiresByType application/rdf+xml                   "access plus 1 hour"
    ExpiresByType application/rss+xml                   "access plus 1 hour"

    ExpiresByType application/json                      "access plus 0 seconds"
    ExpiresByType application/ld+json                   "access plus 0 seconds"
    ExpiresByType application/schema+json               "access plus 0 seconds"
    ExpiresByType application/vnd.geo+json              "access plus 0 seconds"
    ExpiresByType application/xml                       "access plus 0 seconds"
    ExpiresByType text/xml                              "access plus 0 seconds"

  # Favicon (cannot be renamed!) and cursor images
    ExpiresByType image/vnd.microsoft.icon              "access plus 1 week"
    ExpiresByType image/x-icon                          "access plus 1 week"

  # HTML
    ExpiresByType text/html                             "access plus 0 seconds"

  # JavaScript
    ExpiresByType application/javascript                "access plus 1 year"
    ExpiresByType application/x-javascript              "access plus 1 year"
    ExpiresByType text/javascript                       "access plus 1 year"

  # Manifest files
    ExpiresByType application/manifest+json             "access plus 1 year"

    ExpiresByType application/x-web-app-manifest+json   "access plus 0 seconds"
    ExpiresByType text/cache-manifest                   "access plus 0 seconds"

  # Media files
    ExpiresByType audio/ogg                             "access plus 1 month"
    ExpiresByType image/bmp                             "access plus 1 month"
    ExpiresByType image/gif                             "access plus 1 month"
    ExpiresByType image/jpeg                            "access plus 1 month"
    ExpiresByType image/png                             "access plus 1 month"
    ExpiresByType image/svg+xml                         "access plus 1 month"
    ExpiresByType image/webp                            "access plus 1 month"
    ExpiresByType video/mp4                             "access plus 1 month"
    ExpiresByType video/ogg                             "access plus 1 month"
    ExpiresByType video/webm                            "access plus 1 month"

  # Web fonts

    # Embedded OpenType (EOT)
    ExpiresByType application/vnd.ms-fontobject         "access plus 1 month"
    ExpiresByType font/eot                              "access plus 1 month"

    # OpenType
    ExpiresByType font/opentype                         "access plus 1 month"

    # TrueType
    ExpiresByType application/x-font-ttf                "access plus 1 month"

    # Web Open Font Format (WOFF) 1.0
    ExpiresByType application/font-woff                 "access plus 1 month"
    ExpiresByType application/x-font-woff               "access plus 1 month"
    ExpiresByType font/woff                             "access plus 1 month"

    # Web Open Font Format (WOFF) 2.0
    ExpiresByType application/font-woff2                "access plus 1 month"

  # Other
    ExpiresByType text/x-cross-domain-policy            "access plus 1 week"

</IfModule>

各种 Web 服务器的其他样板配置
与此 Apache 配置片段类似的其他 HTTP 服务器设置存在服务器配置“样板”，并在 https://github.com/h5bp/server-configs 维护