tensorflow - tensorflow 中的批量归一化 - tf.contrib.layers.batch_norm 在训练中效果良好，但测试/验证结果较差

Question

我尝试在 Mnist 数据集上使用函数 tf.contrib.layers.batch_norm 实现 CNN。

当我训练和检查模型时，我发现损失正在减少(很好!)，但测试数据集的准确性仍然是随机的(~10%)(糟糕!!!)

如果我使用相同的模型而不进行批量归一化，我会发现测试准确度会按预期增加。

您可以在下面的代码中看到我如何使用批量归一化函数。如果我使用测试数据集设置 is_training=True ，我会得到良好的结果，因此问题出在批量归一化函数的 is_training=False 模式上。

请帮我解决这个问题。预先感谢大家。

    # BLOCK2 - Layer 1
    conv1 = tf.nn.conv2d(output, block2_layer1_1_weights, [1, 1, 1, 1], padding='SAME')
    conv2 = tf.nn.conv2d(output, block2_layer1_2_weights, [1, 1, 1, 1], padding='SAME')
    conv3 = tf.nn.conv2d(output, block2_layer1_3_weights, [1, 1, 1, 1], padding='SAME')
    conv4 = tf.nn.conv2d(output, block2_layer1_4_weights, [1, 1, 1, 1], padding='SAME')

    conv_normed1 = tf.contrib.layers.batch_norm(conv1, scale=True, decay=batch_norm_decay, center=True,  is_training=is_training, updates_collections=None )
    conv_normed2 = tf.contrib.layers.batch_norm(conv2, scale=True, decay=batch_norm_decay, center=True,  is_training=is_training, updates_collections=None )
    conv_normed3 = tf.contrib.layers.batch_norm(conv3, scale=True, decay=batch_norm_decay, center=True,  is_training=is_training, updates_collections=None )
    conv_normed4 = tf.contrib.layers.batch_norm(conv4, scale=True, decay=batch_norm_decay, center=True,  is_training=is_training, updates_collections=None )

    after_stack = tf.stack([conv_normed1, conv_normed2, conv_normed3, conv_normed4])

    after_maxout = tf.reduce_max(after_stack, 0)
    # BLOCK2 - Layer 2
    conv1 = tf.nn.conv2d(after_maxout, block2_layer2_1_weights, [1, 1, 1, 1], padding='SAME')
    conv2 = tf.nn.conv2d(after_maxout, block2_layer2_2_weights, [1, 1, 1, 1], padding='SAME')
    conv_normed1 = tf.contrib.layers.batch_norm(conv1, scale=True, decay=batch_norm_decay, center=True,  is_training=is_training, updates_collections=None )
    conv_normed2 = tf.contrib.layers.batch_norm(conv2, scale=True, decay=batch_norm_decay, center=True,  is_training=is_training, updates_collections=None )

    after_stack = tf.stack([conv_normed1, conv_normed2])

    after_maxout = tf.reduce_max(after_stack, 0)
    # BLOCK2 - Layer 3
    conv1 = tf.nn.conv2d(after_maxout, block2_layer3_1_weights, [1, 1, 1, 1], padding='SAME')
    conv2 = tf.nn.conv2d(after_maxout, block2_layer3_2_weights, [1, 1, 1, 1], padding='SAME')
    conv_normed1 = tf.contrib.layers.batch_norm(conv1 , scale=True, decay=batch_norm_decay, center=True,  is_training=is_training, updates_collections=None )
    conv_normed2 = tf.contrib.layers.batch_norm(conv2 , scale=True, decay=batch_norm_decay, center=True,  is_training=is_training, updates_collections=None )

    after_stack = tf.stack([conv_normed1, conv_normed2])

    after_maxout = tf.reduce_max(after_stack, 0)
    pooled = tf.nn.max_pool(after_maxout, [1, 3, 3, 1], [1, 3, 3, 1], 'SAME')
    output = tf.nn.dropout(pooled, 0.5)




# # Training computation.
logits = model(tf_train_dataset)
loss = tf.reduce_mean(
    tf.nn.softmax_cross_entropy_with_logits(labels=tf_train_labels, logits=logits))

l2_loss = tf.add_n([tf.nn.l2_loss(v) for v in tf.trainable_variables() if 'BatchNorm' not in v.name])
loss += LAMBDA * l2_loss

#
# # Optimizer.



tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(LEARNING_RATE).minimize(loss)

# # Predictions for the training, validation, and test data.
train_prediction = tf.nn.softmax(logits)
valid_prediction = tf.nn.softmax(model(tf_valid_dataset))
#print(valid_prediction.shape)
test_prediction = tf.nn.softmax(model(tf_test_dataset))

num_steps = 6000
with tf.Session(graph=graph) as session:
tf.global_variables_initializer().run()
print('Initialized')
for step in range(num_steps):

    offset = (step * batch_size) % (train_labels.shape[0] - batch_size)
    test_offset = (step * batch_size) % (test_labels.shape[0] - batch_size)

    batch_data = train_dataset[offset:(offset + batch_size), :, :, :]
    batch_labels = train_labels[offset:(offset + batch_size), :]
    feed_dict = {tf_train_dataset: batch_data, tf_train_labels: batch_labels, is_training: True}

    _, l, predictions = session.run(
        [optimizer, loss, train_prediction], feed_dict=feed_dict)


    if (step % 50 == 0):

        print('Minibatch loss at step %d: %f' % (step, l))
        print('Minibatch accuracy: %.1f%%' % accuracy(predictions, batch_labels))

        for i in range(1, 10001):
            test_batch = test_dataset[((i - 1) * test_batch_size):(i * test_batch_size), :, :, :]
            pred = test_prediction.eval(feed_dict={tf_test_dataset: test_batch, is_training: False})


            if i == 1:
                stacked_pred = pred
            else:
                stacked_pred = np.vstack((stacked_pred, pred))


        print(np.argmax(stacked_pred,1))
        print('test accuracy: %.1f%%' % accuracy(stacked_pred, test_labels))`

Answer 1

在训练期间，batch-norm 使用基于批处理的统计数据。在评估/测试期间(当 is_training 为 False 时)，它使用人口统计数据。

在内部，人口统计数据通过隐式创建的更新操作进行更新，这些操作被添加到tf.GraphKeys.UPDATE_OPS集合中 - 但您必须强制tensorflow运行这些操作。执行此操作的一个简单方法是在优化操作中引入 control_dependencies。

update_ops = tf.get_collection(tf.GraphKeys.UPDATE_OPS)
with tf.control_dependencies(update_ops):
    train_op = optimizer.minimize(loss, step)