python - 使用 Turtle 和 PyAudio 在 Python 中顺利进行 "Audialize"递归

Question

我希望能够重现下面代码背后的想法，但声音不会太刺耳。理想情况下，我想要一个使用小学生可以理解的代码的解决方案(可以导入 play_note 函数，这样他们就不必担心它是如何工作的)。一个答案here建议连续音符之间的点击是由于声音循环不完整，但我不知道如何解决这个问题以改变持续时间。

有人可以帮忙吗？是否可以通过一些调整使其工作，或者该方法是否存在某种缺陷？

import turtle
import pyaudio
import numpy as np

def play_note(freq, dur):

  p = pyaudio.PyAudio()

  volume = 0.5     # range [0.0, 1.0]
  fs = 44100       # sampling rate, Hz, must be integer
  duration = dur   # in seconds, may be float
  f = freq       # sine frequency, Hz, may be float

  # generate samples, note conversion to float32 array
  samples = (np.sin(2*np.pi*np.arange(fs*duration)*f/fs)).astype(np.float32)

  # for paFloat32 sample values must be in range [-1.0, 1.0]
  stream = p.open(format=pyaudio.paFloat32,
                  channels=1,
                  rate=fs,
                  output=True)

  # play. May repeat with different volume values (if done interactively) 
  stream.write(volume*samples)

  stream.stop_stream()
  stream.close()

  p.terminate()

def tree(branchLen,t):
    if branchLen > 5:
        freq = branchLen * 2 + 400
        dur = branchLen / 100.0
        print freq, dur
        play_note(freq, dur)
        t.forward(branchLen)
        t.right(20)
        tree(branchLen-15,t)
        t.left(40)
        tree(branchLen-15,t)
        t.right(20)
        t.backward(branchLen)

def main():
    t = turtle.Turtle()
    t.speed(0)
    myWin = turtle.Screen()
    t.left(90)
    t.up()
    t.backward(100)
    t.down()
    t.color("green")
    tree(75,t)
    myWin.exitonclick()

main()

Answer 1

我不确定你到底需要什么。我试图运行你的代码。它遇到了一些问题。所以我修好了。然后将所有变量汇集在一起​​，以便于访问。修改了变量的函数，以便可以从主函数中设置它们。导入所需的模块。

我提供了freq和 duration递归之外。因此它们是固定的。在原始代码中，freq增加和持续时间减少相对于树的长度。这是产生噪音的原因之一，如 freq和 duration然后不是 60 秒的倍数，因此会产生导致噪音的间隙。带固定freq和 duration ，噪音最小。

由于创建新分支和递归启动的微秒延迟，会有一些噪音。
这里是 已编辑 代码。

import pyaudio
import turtle
import numpy as np

def play_note(freq, dur):

  p = pyaudio.PyAudio()

  volume = 0.5     # range [0.0, 1.0]
  fs = 44100       # sampling rate, Hz, must be integer
  duration = dur   # in seconds, may be float
  f = freq       # sine frequency, Hz, may be float

  # generate samples, note conversion to float32 array
  samples = (np.sin(2*np.pi*np.arange(fs*duration)*f/fs)).astype(np.float32)

  # for paFloat32 sample values must be in range [-1.0, 1.0]
  stream = p.open(format=pyaudio.paFloat32,
                  channels=1,
                  rate=fs,
                  output=True)

  # play. May repeat with different volume values (if done interactively) 
  stream.write(volume*samples)

  stream.stop_stream()
  stream.close()

  p.terminate()

def tree(branchLen,t):
    if branchLen > 5:

        freq = branchLen * 2 + 420
        dur = branchLen / 60.0
        print "branchLen={} , Freq = {}, Duration={}".format(branchLen, freq, dur)
        t.forward(branchLen)
        play_note(freq, dur)
        t.right(20)
        tree(branchLen-15,t)
        play_note(freq, dur)
        t.left(40)
        play_note(freq, dur)
        tree(branchLen-15,t)
        play_note(freq, dur)
        t.right(20)
        play_note(freq, dur)
        t.backward(branchLen)
        play_note(freq, dur)


def main():  
    t = turtle.Turtle()
    t.speed(turtle_speed)
    myWin = turtle.Screen()
    t.left(branch_left_turn)
    t.up()
    t.backward(branch_back_turn)
    t.down()
    t.color(tree_color)
    tree(tree_length,t)
    myWin.exitonclick()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    #Global Variables brought together for easy setting
    turtle_speed = 0.5  #speed of turtle graphics <1 -> faster ; >1 -> slower 
    tree_length = 60    #keep within multiples of 60 for smoothness
    branch_left_turn = 90
    branch_back_turn = 100
    tree_color = "green" #can experiment with "red" "blue" etc
    #Call main function
    main()

输出数据:

  Python 2.7.9 (default, Dec 10 2014, 12:24:55) [MSC v.1500 32 bit (Intel)] on win32
Type "copyright", "credits" or "license()" for more information.
>>> ================================ RESTART ================================
>>> 
branchLen=60 , Freq = 540, Duration=1.0
branchLen=45 , Freq = 510, Duration=0.75
branchLen=30 , Freq = 480, Duration=0.5
branchLen=15 , Freq = 450, Duration=0.25
branchLen=15 , Freq = 450, Duration=0.25
branchLen=30 , Freq = 480, Duration=0.5
branchLen=15 , Freq = 450, Duration=0.25
branchLen=15 , Freq = 450, Duration=0.25
branchLen=45 , Freq = 510, Duration=0.75
branchLen=30 , Freq = 480, Duration=0.5
branchLen=15 , Freq = 450, Duration=0.25
branchLen=15 , Freq = 450, Duration=0.25
branchLen=30 , Freq = 480, Duration=0.5
branchLen=15 , Freq = 450, Duration=0.25
branchLen=15 , Freq = 450, Duration=0.25
>>> 

输出图像