rdf - 猫头鹰 rdfs :langString maxCardinality per language

Question

在 OWL 中是否可以对语言属性设置最大基数限制，这将限制每种语言的基数。

例如，每种语言我最多只需要一个dct:title。所以，

:demo dct:title "Demo"@en, "Demo"@nl.

没问题，但是

:bad_demo dct:title "Bad demo"@en, "Wrong demo"@en.

会报错吗？

Answer 1

您可以在 OWL 2 DL 中部分执行此操作。但是，您必须为使用的每种语言添加基数约束。在 OWL 2 DL 中，您不可能拥有适用于所有可能语言的通用公理。在 Turtle 语法中:

@base <http://example.com/>.
@prefix dct:  <http://purl.org/dc/terms/>.
@prefix owl:  <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#>.
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>.
@prefix xsd:  <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#>.

<>  a  owl:Ontology;
  rdfs:comment  "An ontology with cardinality restrictions on some languages."@en .
<ThingWithTitle>  a  owl:Class;
  rdfs:subClassOf  [
    a  owl:Restriction;
    owl:onProperty  dct:title;
    owl:maxQualifiedCardinality  1;
    owl:onDataRange  [
      a  rdfs:Datatype;
      owl:onDatatype  rdf:plainLiteral;
      owl:withRestrictions  ([rdf:langRange "en"])
    ]
  ], [
    a  owl:Restriction;
    owl:onProperty  dct:title;
    owl:maxQualifiedCardinality  1;
    owl:onDataRange  [
      a  rdfs:Datatype;
      owl:onDatatype  rdf:plainLiteral;
      owl:withRestrictions  ([rdf:langRange "nl"])
    ]
  ], [
    # ...
    # same for de, es, fr, it, zh, etc.
    # ...
  ]
].

对于这个本体，以下内容是不一致的:

<doc1>  a  <ThingWithTitle>;
  dct:title  "Title"@en, "Another title"@en-UK .

您可以更具体地允许多个英语/荷兰语标题，只要它们不是同一种方言。只需将 rdf:langRange "en" 替换为 rdf:langRange "en-UK" 等

在 OWL 2 Full 中，您可以通用地表达这一点(也就是说，适用于所有语言)，但它非常复杂并且地球上没有推理机可以处理这种类型的推理，所以最好不要尝试，除非你比如为了智力自慰而进行的学术挑战。

编辑:

经过一番激烈的心理自慰，我想到了以下几点:

[ 
  owl:onDatatype  xsd:string;
  owl:withRestrictions  (
    [
      xsd:pattern  "...regular_expression_for_an_extended_language_range_from_rfc_4647..."
    ]
  )
]  rdfs:subClassOf  [
  owl:onProperty  [owl:inverseOf rdf:langRange];
  owl:someValuesFrom  [
    owl:onProperty  [owl:inverseOf rdf:first];
    owl:someValuesFrom  [
      owl:onProperty  [owl:inverseOf  owl:withRestrictions];
      owl:someValuesFrom  [
        owl:intersectionOf  (
          [
            owl:onProperty  owl:onDatatype;
            owl:hasValue  rdf:plainLiteral
          ], [
            owl:onProperty  [owl:inverseOf  owl:onDataRange];
            owl:someValuesFrom  [
              owl:intersectionOf  (
                [
                  owl:onProperty  owl:maxQualifiedCardinality;
                  owl:hasValue  1
                ], [
                  owl:onProperty  owl:onProperty;
                  owl:hasValue  dct:title
                ], [
                  owl:onProperty  [owl:inverseOf  rdfs:subClassOf];
                  owl:hasValue  <ThingWithTitle>
                ]
              )
            ]
          ]
        )
      ]
    ]
  ]
] .

验证它是否在 OWL 2 RDF-based semantics 内工作留给读者作为练习。