haskell - Haskell代码无法编译

Question

我正在尝试学习Haskell，所以我想我会立即潜入并尝试一个monad。请参阅下面的Calc实现。这类似于State monad，除了state始终是用于缓存结果的Map。每个Calc都有自己的GUID(尚未实现)，该GUID用作从映射中检索缓存的值的键。

import qualified Data.Map as Map
import Control.Monad
import Data.Dynamic

type CalcId = Int

type Ctx = Map.Map CalcId Dynamic

data Calc a = Calc { eval :: Ctx -> (a, Ctx),
                 guid :: CalcId }

instance Monad Calc where
    (>>=) :: Calc a -> (a -> Calc b) -> Calc b
    c1 >>= f = Calc {eval=c2Eval, guid=c2Id}
        where c2Id = 1 -- need a way of generating a GUID. add later.
              c2Eval = \ctx -> 
                    case (Map.lookup c2Id ctx >>= fromDynamic) :: Maybe b of
                        Just c2Val -> 
                            (c2Val, ctx)
                        Nothing ->
                            let (c1Val, ctx') = eval c1 ctx
                                c2 = f c1Val
                                (c2Val', _) = eval c2 ctx'
                                ctx'' = Map.insert c2Id (toDyn c2Val') ctx'
                            in (c2Val', ctx'')

此代码可能存在许多问题。但是现在我真的很想编译它。下面的编译器错误；

No instance for (Typeable b1) arising from a use of `fromDynamic'
Possible fix:
  add (Typeable b1) to the context of
    an expression type signature: Maybe b1
    or the type signature for >>= :: Calc a -> (a -> Calc b) -> Calc b
In the second argument of `(>>=)', namely `fromDynamic'
In the expression: (Map.lookup c2Id ctx >>= fromDynamic) :: Maybe b
In the expression:
  case (Map.lookup c2Id ctx >>= fromDynamic) :: Maybe b of {
    Just c2Val -> (c2Val, ctx)
    Nothing
      -> let
           (c1Val, ctx') = ...
           ....
         in (c2Val', ctx'') }

No instance for (Typeable b) arising from a use of `toDyn'
Possible fix:
  add (Typeable b) to the context of
    the type signature for >>= :: Calc a -> (a -> Calc b) -> Calc b
In the second argument of `Map.insert', namely `(toDyn c2Val')'
In the expression: Map.insert c2Id (toDyn c2Val') ctx'
In an equation for ctx'':
    ctx'' = Map.insert c2Id (toDyn c2Val') ctx'

Answer 1

问题是对于动态值，事情需要可键入类的成员。您的下一个问题是，您的monad仅适用于可打字。您的第三个问题是，您不能将其设置为monad，因为monad必须能够包含任何内容。看看restricted monads。