c++ - 计算紧密正交投影矩阵以进行阴影映射

Question

我正在尝试计算相机周围的紧密正交投影，以获得更好的阴影贴图。我首先使用基本三角函数，使用相机的fov，position，right，forward，near和far参数来计算世界空间中的相机平截头体8个点，如下所示:

PerspectiveFrustum::PerspectiveFrustum(const Camera* camera)
{
    float height = tanf(camera->GetFov() / 2.0f) * camera->GetNear();
    float width = height * Screen::GetWidth() / Screen::GetHeight();
    glm::vec3 nearTop = camera->GetUp() * camera->GetNear() * height;
    glm::vec3 nearRight = camera->GetRight() * camera->GetNear() * width;
    glm::vec3 nearCenter = camera->GetEye() + camera->GetForward() * camera->GetNear();
    glm::vec3 farTop = camera->GetUp() * camera->GetFar() * height;
    glm::vec3 farRight = camera->GetRight() * camera->GetFar() * width;
    glm::vec3 farCenter = camera->GetEye() + camera->GetForward() * camera->GetFar();
    m_RightNearBottom = nearCenter + nearRight - nearTop;
    m_RightNearTop = nearCenter + nearRight + nearTop;
    m_LeftNearBottom = nearCenter - nearRight - nearTop;
    m_LeftNearTop = nearCenter - nearRight + nearTop;
    m_RightFarBottom = farCenter + nearRight - nearTop;
    m_RightFarTop = farCenter + nearRight + nearTop;
    m_LeftFarBottom = farCenter - nearRight - nearTop;
    m_LeftFarTop = farCenter - nearRight + nearTop;
}

然后，我在光 View 中计算视锥，并计算每个轴上的最小和最大点，以计算正交投影的边界框，如下所示:

inline glm::mat4 GetView() const
{
    return glm::lookAt(m_Position, glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f));
}

glm::mat4 DirectionalLight::GetProjection(const Camera& camera) const
{
    PerspectiveFrustum frustum = camera.GetFrustum();
    glm::mat4 lightView = GetView();
    std::array<glm::vec3, 8> frustumToLightView
    {
        lightView * glm::vec4(frustum.m_RightNearBottom, 1.0f),
        lightView * glm::vec4(frustum.m_RightNearTop, 1.0f),
        lightView * glm::vec4(frustum.m_LeftNearBottom, 1.0f),
        lightView * glm::vec4(frustum.m_LeftNearTop, 1.0f),
        lightView * glm::vec4(frustum.m_RightFarBottom, 1.0f),
        lightView * glm::vec4(frustum.m_RightFarTop, 1.0f),
        lightView * glm::vec4(frustum.m_LeftFarBottom, 1.0f),
        lightView * glm::vec4(frustum.m_LeftFarTop, 1.0f)
    };

    glm::vec3 min{ INFINITY, INFINITY, INFINITY };
    glm::vec3 max{ -INFINITY, -INFINITY, -INFINITY };
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < frustumToLightView.size(); i++)
    {
        if (frustumToLightView[i].x < min.x)
            min.x = frustumToLightView[i].x;
        if (frustumToLightView[i].y < min.y)
            min.y = frustumToLightView[i].y;
        if (frustumToLightView[i].z < min.z)
            min.z = frustumToLightView[i].z;

        if (frustumToLightView[i].x > max.x)
            max.x = frustumToLightView[i].x;
        if (frustumToLightView[i].y > max.y)
            max.y = frustumToLightView[i].y;
        if (frustumToLightView[i].z > max.z)
            max.z = frustumToLightView[i].z;
    }
    return glm::ortho(min.x, max.x, min.y, max.y, min.z, max.z);
}

这样做会给我空的阴影贴图，因此显然存在错误，而且我没有做正确的事。有人可以告诉我我做错了什么，为什么吗？

编辑:
如前所述，我对平截头体的计算是错误的，我将其更改为以下内容:

PerspectiveFrustum::PerspectiveFrustum(const Camera* camera)
{
    float nearHalfHeight = tanf(camera->GetFov() / 2.0f) * camera->GetNear();
    float nearHalfWidth = nearHalfHeight * Screen::GetWidth() / Screen::GetHeight();
    float farHalfHeight = tanf(camera->GetFov() / 2.0f) * camera->GetFar();
    float farHalfWidth = farHalfHeight * Screen::GetWidth() / Screen::GetHeight();

    glm::vec3 nearCenter = camera->GetEye() + camera->GetForward() * camera->GetNear();
    glm::vec3 nearTop = camera->GetUp() * nearHalfHeight;
    glm::vec3 nearRight = camera->GetRight() * nearHalfWidth;

    glm::vec3 farCenter = camera->GetEye() + camera->GetForward() * camera->GetFar();
    glm::vec3 farTop = camera->GetUp() * farHalfHeight;
    glm::vec3 farRight = camera->GetRight() * farHalfWidth;

    m_RightNearBottom = nearCenter + nearRight - nearTop;
    m_RightNearTop = nearCenter + nearRight + nearTop;
    m_LeftNearBottom = nearCenter - nearRight - nearTop;
    m_LeftNearTop = nearCenter - nearRight + nearTop;
    m_RightFarBottom = farCenter + farRight - farTop;
    m_RightFarTop = farCenter + farRight + farTop;
    m_LeftFarBottom = farCenter - farRight - farTop;
    m_LeftFarTop = farCenter - farRight + farTop;
}

创建正交投影时，还按如下所示翻转 z坐标:

return glm::ortho(min.x, max.x, min.y, max.y, -min.z, -max.z);

然而，深度图仍然没有任何表现。有任何想法吗？
这是捕获的结果，如您所见，左上角的四边形显示了阴影贴图，这是完全错误的，即使可以在对象本身上绘制阴影也可以看出:
https://gfycat.com/brightwealthybass

(阴影贴图值的拖尾只是我使用的gif压缩程序的一种产物，它并不是真的发生，因此我不清除FBO的z缓冲区就没有问题了)

编辑2::
好的， GetFov()返回的是度数而不是弧度。
我还尝试使用以下代码从NDC转换为世界空间:

    glm::mat4 inverseProjectViewMatrix = glm::inverse(camera.GetProjection() * camera.GetView());

    std::array<glm::vec4, 8> NDC =
    {
        glm::vec4{-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f},
        glm::vec4{1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f},
        glm::vec4{-1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f},
        glm::vec4{1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f},
        glm::vec4{-1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f},
        glm::vec4{1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f},
        glm::vec4{-1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f},
        glm::vec4{1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f},
    };

    for (size_t i = 0; i < NDC.size(); i++)
    {
        NDC[i] = inverseProjectViewMatrix * NDC[i];
        NDC[i] /= NDC[i].w;
    }

对于平截头体的远坐标，它们等于我对平截头体的计算，但是对于近角，它们不起作用，就好像我对近角的计算减半了2(仅适用于x和y)。
例如:
右上角附近:
我的计算结果- {0.055, 0.041, 2.9}逆NDC yield - {0.11, 0.082, 2.8}
所以我不确定我的计算出了什么问题，也许您可​​以指出？
即使使用NDC反向坐标，我也尝试按以下方式使用它们:

glm::mat4 DirectionalLight::GetProjection(const Camera& camera) const
{
    glm::mat4 lightView = GetView();

    glm::mat4 inverseProjectViewMatrix = glm::inverse(camera.GetProjection() * camera.GetView());

    std::array<glm::vec4, 8> NDC =
    {
        glm::vec4{-1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f},
        glm::vec4{1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f},
        glm::vec4{-1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f},
        glm::vec4{1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f},
        glm::vec4{-1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f},
        glm::vec4{1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f},
        glm::vec4{-1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f},
        glm::vec4{1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f},
    };

    for (size_t i = 0; i < NDC.size(); i++)
    {
        NDC[i] = lightView * inverseProjectViewMatrix * NDC[i];
        NDC[i] /= NDC[i].w;
    }

    glm::vec3 min{ INFINITY, INFINITY, INFINITY };
    glm::vec3 max{ -INFINITY, -INFINITY, -INFINITY };
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < NDC.size(); i++)
    {
        if (NDC[i].x < min.x)
            min.x = NDC[i].x;
        if (NDC[i].y < min.y)
            min.y = NDC[i].y;
        if (NDC[i].z < min.z)
            min.z = NDC[i].z;

        if (NDC[i].x > max.x)
            max.x = NDC[i].x;
        if (NDC[i].y > max.y)
            max.y = NDC[i].y;
        if (NDC[i].z > max.z)
            max.z = NDC[i].z;
    }
    return glm::ortho(min.x, max.x, min.y, max.y, min.z, max.z);
}

仍然有不好的结果:
https://gfycat.com/negativemalealtiplanochinchillamouse

Answer 1

让我们从这里的视锥计算开始:

float height = tanf(camera->GetFov() / 2.0f) * camera->GetNear();
[...]
glm::vec3 nearTop = camera->GetUp() * camera->GetNear() * height;
[...]
glm::vec3 farTop = camera->GetUp() * camera->GetFar() * height;

那就是乘法中的一对多 GetNear。从概念上讲，您可以将 height表示为单位距离上的平截头体高度的一半(我仍然会用不同的方式命名)，而无需将其投影到近平面上，那么其余公式更有意义。

但是，整个方法从一开始就令人怀疑。要获得世界空间中的平截头角，只需简单地投影 [-1,1]^3 NDC立方体的所有8个顶点。由于您想将其转换为光照空间，因此甚至可以将其组合为单个矩阵 m = lightView * inverse(projection * view)，只是不要忘了在乘以NDC立方体顶点后再进行透视划分。

return glm::ortho(min.x, max.x, min.y, max.y, min.z, max.z);

标准GL约定使用的 View 空间是相机正朝负z方向注视的，但是 zNear和 zFar参数被解释为沿观察方向的距离，因此实际的观看量范围为viewt中的 -zFar, -zNear。您必须翻转 z维度的符号才能获得您要查找的实际边界框。