python - 如何在python脚本中提升到root权限？

Question

我正在尝试编写一个需要 root 权限的 python 脚本。我曾尝试使用 elevate for python(据说它会显示一个对话框，要求输入 root 或“admin”密码)，但是当我运行它时它给出了“没有这样的文件或目录”错误。

import os
from elevate import elevate

def is_root():
    return os.getuid() == 0

print("before ", is_root())
elevate()
print("after ", is_root())

为什么会发生这种情况？是否有任何使用系统 GUI 的可行替代方案？
编辑 :
我将 Kubuntu 18 与 Python 3.6 一起使用，但我希望它也能在 Windows 上运行。
进一步编辑:
这是一个关于对话框的问题(针对基本/Windows 用户)，而不是 TUI。

Answer 1

这是一个完整的解决方案，可在 Windows 和 Linux 下将 UAC 或 sudo 提升到 root，无论代码是用 Nuitka 解释、卡住还是编译。
[编辑]
免责声明:本文中的代码已过时。
我已将提升代码发布为 python 包。
使用 pip install command_runner 安装
用法:

from command_runner.elevate import elevate

def main():
    """My main function that should be elevated"""
    print("Who's the administrator, now ?")

if __name__ == '__main__':
    elevate(main)

[/编辑]
代码基本上检查它是否已经提升，如果是，运行 main() 函数，如果没有，它会产生一个提升的子进程，它将运行 main() 函数。
希望能帮助到你

import os
import sys
import subprocess
import logging

if os.name == 'nt':
    try:
        import ctypes
        # import ctypes  # In order to perform UAC check with ctypes.windll.shell32.ShellExecuteW()
        import win32event  # monitor process
        import win32process  # monitor process
        from win32com.shell.shell import ShellExecuteEx
        from win32com.shell import shellcon
    except ImportError:
        raise ImportError('Cannot import ctypes for checking admin privileges on Windows platform.')


logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)


def main():
    # Your code goes here
    # Keep in mind that elevating under windows will not redirect stdout/stderr to the main process
    print('Hello, elevated world !')


def is_admin():
    """
    Checks whether current program has administrative privileges in OS
    Works with Windows XP SP2+ and most Unixes

    :return: Boolean, True if admin privileges present
    """
    current_os_name = os.name

    # Works with XP SP2 +
    if current_os_name == 'nt':
        try:
            return ctypes.windll.shell32.IsUserAnAdmin() == 1
        except Exception:
            raise EnvironmentError('Cannot check admin privileges')
    elif current_os_name == 'posix':
        # Check for root on Posix
        return os.getuid() == 0
    else:
        raise EnvironmentError('OS does not seem to be supported for admin check. OS: %s' % current_os_name)


# Improved answer I have done in https://stackoverflow.com/a/49759083/2635443
if __name__ == '__main__':
    if is_admin():
        main(sys.argv)
    else:
        # UAC elevation / sudo code working for CPython, Nuitka >= 0.6.2, PyInstaller, PyExe, CxFreeze

        # Regardless of the runner (CPython, Nuitka or frozen CPython), sys.argv[0] is the relative path to script,
        # sys.argv[1] are the arguments
        # The only exception being CPython on Windows where sys.argv[0] contains absolute path to script
        # Regarless of OS, sys.executable will contain full path to python binary for CPython and Nuitka,
        # and full path to frozen executable on frozen CPython

        # Recapitulative table create with
        # (CentOS 7x64 / Python 3.4 / Nuitka 0.6.1 / PyInstaller 3.4) and
        # (Windows 10 x64 / Python 3.7x32 / Nuitka 0.6.2.10 / PyInstaller 3.4)
        # --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        # | OS  | Variable       | CPython                       | Nuitka               | PyInstaller                  |
        # |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
        # | Lin | argv           | ['./script.py', '-h']         | ['./test', '-h']     | ['./test.py', -h']           |
        # | Lin | sys.executable | /usr/bin/python3.4            | /usr/bin/python3.4   | /absolute/path/to/test       |
        # | Win | argv           | ['C:\\Python\\test.py', '-h'] | ['test', '-h']       | ['test', '-h']               |
        # | Win | sys.executable | C:\Python\python.exe          | C:\Python\Python.exe | C:\absolute\path\to\test.exe |
        # --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        # Nuitka 0.6.2 and newer define builtin __nuitka_binary_dir
        # Nuitka does not set the frozen attribute on sys
        # Nuitka < 0.6.2 can be detected in sloppy ways, ie if not sys.argv[0].endswith('.py') or len(sys.path) < 3
        # Let's assume this will only be compiled with newer nuitka, and remove sloppy detections
        try:
            # Actual if statement not needed, but keeps code inspectors more happy
            if __nuitka_binary_dir is not None:
                is_nuitka_compiled = True
        except NameError:
            is_nuitka_compiled = False

        if is_nuitka_compiled:
            # On nuitka, sys.executable is the python binary, even if it does not exist in standalone,
            # so we need to fill runner with sys.argv[0] absolute path
            runner = os.path.abspath(sys.argv[0])
            arguments = sys.argv[1:]
            # current_dir = os.path.dirname(runner)

            logger.debug('Running elevator as Nuitka with runner [%s]' % runner)
            logger.debug('Arguments are %s' % arguments)

        # If a freezer is used (PyInstaller, cx_freeze, py2exe)
        elif getattr(sys, "frozen", False):
            runner = os.path.abspath(sys.executable)
            arguments = sys.argv[1:]
            # current_dir = os.path.dirname(runner)

            logger.debug('Running elevator as Frozen with runner [%s]' % runner)
            logger.debug('Arguments are %s' % arguments)

        # If standard interpreter CPython is used
        else:
            runner = os.path.abspath(sys.executable)
            arguments = [os.path.abspath(sys.argv[0])] + sys.argv[1:]
            # current_dir = os.path.abspath(sys.argv[0])

            logger.debug('Running elevator as CPython with runner [%s]' % runner)
            logger.debug('Arguments are %s' % arguments)

        if os.name == 'nt':
            # Re-run the program with admin rights
            # Join arguments and double quote each argument in order to prevent space separation
            arguments = ' '.join('"' + arg + '"' for arg in arguments)
            try:
                # Old method using ctypes which does not wait for executable to exit nor deos get exit code
                # See https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/desktop/api/shellapi/nf-shellapi-shellexecutew
                # int 0 means SH_HIDE window, 1 is SW_SHOWNORMAL
                # needs the following imports
                # import ctypes

                # ctypes.windll.shell32.ShellExecuteW(None, 'runas', runner, arguments, None, 0)

                # Metthod with exit code that waits for executable to exit, needs the following imports
                # import ctypes  # In order to perform UAC check
                # import win32event  # monitor process
                # import win32process  # monitor process
                # from win32com.shell.shell import ShellExecuteEx
                # from win32com.shell import shellcon

                childProcess = ShellExecuteEx(nShow=0, fMask=shellcon.SEE_MASK_NOCLOSEPROCESS,
                                              lpVerb='runas', lpFile=runner, lpParameters=arguments)
                procHandle = childProcess['hProcess']
                obj = win32event.WaitForSingleObject(procHandle, -1)
                exit_code = win32process.GetExitCodeProcess(procHandle)
                logger.debug('Child exited with code: %s' % exit_code)
                sys.exit(exit_code)

            except Exception as e:
                logger.info(e)
                logger.debug('Trace', exc_info=True)
                sys.exit(255)
        # Linux runner and hopefully Unixes
        else:
            # Search for sudo executable in order to avoid using shell=True with subprocess
            sudo_path = None
            for path in os.environ.get('PATH', '').split(':'):
                if os.path.isfile(os.path.join(path, 'sudo')):
                    sudo_path = os.path.join(path, 'sudo')
            if sudo_path is None:
                logger.error('Cannot find sudo executable. Cannot elevate privileges. Trying to run wihtout.')
                main(sys.argv)
            else:
                command = 'sudo "%s"%s%s' % (
                    runner,
                    (' ' if len(arguments) > 0 else ''),
                    ' '.join('"%s"' % argument for argument in arguments)
                )
                try:
                    output = subprocess.check_output(command, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT,
                                                     shell=False, universal_newlines=False)
                    output = output.decode('unicode_escape', errors='ignore')

                    logger.info('Child output: %s' % output)
                    sys.exit(0)
                except subprocess.CalledProcessError as exc:
                    exit_code = exc.returncode
                    logger.error('Child exited with code: %s' % exit_code)
                    try:
                        output = exc.output.decode('unicode_escape', errors='ignore')
                        logger.error('Child outout: %s' % output)
                    except Exception as exc:
                        logger.debug(exc, exc_info=True)
                    sys.exit(exit_code)