java - HttpUrlConnection 未连接到服务器

Question

我是 Android 开发新手，在互联网上进行了一些咨询后，我想出了以下代码来连接到 Url、POST 字符串内容并读取其响应。

private static java.lang.String getRequest(java.lang.String Url, java.lang.String PostContent)
{
    java.lang.StringBuilder content = new java.lang.StringBuilder();
    try
    {
        java.lang.String line;
        java.net.URL url = new java.net.URL(Url);
        if (cweb.companion.MainActivity.url.startsWith("https"))
        {
            javax.net.ssl.HttpsURLConnection httpsConnection = (javax.net.ssl.HttpsURLConnection)url.openConnection();
            httpsConnection.setSSLSocketFactory((javax.net.ssl.SSLSocketFactory)javax.net.ssl.SSLSocketFactory.getDefault());
            httpsConnection.setRequestMethod("POST");
            httpsConnection.setDoOutput(true);
            httpsConnection.setRequestProperty("Content-Type", "text/plain");
            httpsConnection.addRequestProperty("Content-Length", java.lang.String.valueOf(PostContent.length()));
            java.io.OutputStreamWriter wr = new java.io.OutputStreamWriter(httpsConnection.getOutputStream());
            wr.write(PostContent);
            wr.flush();
            wr.close();
            java.io.BufferedReader bufferedReader = new java.io.BufferedReader(new java.io.InputStreamReader(httpsConnection.getInputStream()));
            while ((line = bufferedReader.readLine()) != null) { content.append(line + "\n"); }
            bufferedReader.close();
        }
        else
        {
            java.net.HttpURLConnection httpConnection = (java.net.HttpURLConnection)url.openConnection();
            httpConnection.setRequestMethod("POST");
            httpConnection.setDoOutput(true);
            httpConnection.setRequestProperty("Content-Type", "text/plain");
            httpConnection.addRequestProperty("Content-Length", java.lang.String.valueOf(PostContent.length()));
            java.io.OutputStreamWriter wr = new java.io.OutputStreamWriter(httpConnection.getOutputStream());
            wr.write(PostContent);
            wr.flush();
            wr.close();
            java.io.BufferedReader bufferedReader = new java.io.BufferedReader(new java.io.InputStreamReader(httpConnection.getInputStream()));
            while ((line = bufferedReader.readLine()) != null) { content.append(line + "\n"); }
            bufferedReader.close();
        }
        return content.toString();
    } catch (java.lang.Exception e) { return "ERROR{" + e.getMessage() + "}"; }
}

我让它非常“重复”，以帮助我调试(我知道可以将一些代码推送到其他方法)。

该代码位于 MainActivity 中，其实现如下:

public class MainActivity extends androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity
{
    private static java.lang.String getRequest(java.lang.String Url, java.lang.String PostContent)
    {
        //my code (as posted earlier)
    }

    @Override protected void onCreate(android.os.Bundle savedInstanceState)
    {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        this.setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
        //here i call the code to something like:
        java.lang.String retHTTP = getRequest("http://httpaddress.example.com", "hello world!");
        java.lang.String retHTTPS = getRequest("https://httpsaddress.example.com", "hello world!");
    }
}

如果我的目标是 HTTPS 地址，该函数会抛出空异常并结束(异常的 getMessage() 方法是 null/空字符串)，如果它的目标是 HTTP 地址，它会向我提供“到本地主机的明文 HTTP 流量”不允许”消息。

我的 list 和 Gradle 是这样的:

list

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android" android:targetSandboxVersion="1" package="cweb.companion">
    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INTERNET" />
    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE"/>
    <application
        android:usesCleartextTraffic="true"
        android:allowBackup="true"
        android:icon="@drawable/logo_standard"
        android:label="@string/app_name"
        android:roundIcon="@drawable/logo_standard"
        android:supportsRtl="true"
        android:theme="@style/AppTheme">
        <activity android:name=".MainActivity">
            <intent-filter>
                <action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />
                <category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />
            </intent-filter>
        </activity>
    </application>
</manifest>

Gradle

apply plugin: 'my.application.com'
android
    {
        compileSdkVersion 29
        buildToolsVersion "29.0.3"
        defaultConfig
                {
                    applicationId "my.application.com"
                    minSdkVersion 23
                    targetSdkVersion 29
                    versionCode 1
                    versionName "1.0"
                    testInstrumentationRunner "androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnitRunner"
                }
        buildTypes
                {
                    release
                            {
                                minifyEnabled true
                                proguardFiles getDefaultProguardFile('proguard-android-optimize.txt'), 'proguard-rules.pro'
                            }
                }
        sourceSets { main { assets.srcDirs = ['src/main/assets', 'src/main/assets/'] } }
    }
dependencies
    {
        implementation fileTree(dir: 'libs', include: ['*.jar'])
        implementation 'androidx.appcompat:appcompat:1.0.2'
        implementation 'androidx.constraintlayout:constraintlayout:1.1.3'
        testImplementation 'junit:junit:4.12'
        androidTestImplementation 'androidx.test.ext:junit:1.1.0'
        androidTestImplementation 'androidx.test.espresso:espresso-core:3.1.1'
    }

那么，为什么连接没有发生(我也有服务器端代码，在两种情况下都没有向其发送任何内容)？

Answer 1

对于 HTTP 请求，正如您所说，您已向项目添加了安全配置，那么这里是有效的 HTTP 调用

...

 java.net.URL url = new java.net.URL(Url);
          ...
         else
        {
            HttpURLConnection conn = (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection();
            conn.setConnectTimeout(5000000);
            conn.setRequestProperty("Content-Type", "text/plain; charset=UTF-8");
            conn.setDoOutput(true);
            conn.setDoInput(true);
            conn.setRequestMethod("POST");
            OutputStream os = conn.getOutputStream();
            os.write(PostContent.getBytes("UTF-8"));
            os.close();
            // read the response
            InputStream in = new BufferedInputStream(conn.getInputStream());

            String result = IOUtils.toString(in, "UTF-8");
            conn.disconnect();
            return result;
        }
    } catch (java.lang.Exception e) { return "ERROR{" + e.getMessage() + "}"; }

...

现在考虑在后台线程上进行网络操作，因此您可以按如下方式调用 getRequest 方法。

  protected void onCreate(android.os.Bundle savedInstanceState)
    {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        this.setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
        //here you call the code to something like in Background thread:
        new AsyncTask<Void, Void, Void>() {
            @Override
            protected Void doInBackground(Void... voids) {
                java.lang.String retHTTP = getRequest("http://httpaddress.example.com", "hello world!");
                return null;
            }
        }.executeOnExecutor(AsyncTask.THREAD_POOL_EXECUTOR);

    }

同样，您也可以使用 SSL 成功实现 HTTPS。

注意:在 app.gradle 文件中使用 implementation 'org.apache.commons:commons-io:1.3.2' 来实现 IOUtils。