C++线程使用函数对象，如何调用多个析构函数而不调用构造函数？

Question

请找到下面的代码片段:

class tFunc{
    int x;
    public:
    tFunc(){
        cout<<"Constructed : "<<this<<endl;
        x = 1;
    }
    ~tFunc(){
        cout<<"Destroyed : "<<this<<endl;
    }
    void operator()(){
        x += 10;
        cout<<"Thread running at : "<<x<<endl;
    }
    int getX(){ return x; }
};

int main()
{
    tFunc t;
    thread t1(t);
    if(t1.joinable())
    {
        cout<<"Thread is joining..."<<endl;
        t1.join();
    }
    cout<<"x : "<<t.getX()<<endl;
    return 0;
}

我得到的输出是:

Constructed : 0x7ffe27d1b0a4
Destroyed : 0x7ffe27d1b06c
Thread is joining...
Thread running at : 11
Destroyed : 0x2029c28
x : 1
Destroyed : 0x7ffe27d1b0a4

我很困惑如何调用地址为 0x7ffe27d1b06c 和 0x2029c28 的析构函数而没有调用构造函数？而第一个和最后一个构造函数和析构函数分别是我创建的对象的。

Answer 1

您缺少检测复制构造和移动构造。对程序进行简单修改即可提供构造发生位置的证据。

复制构造函数

#include <iostream>
#include <thread>
#include <functional>
using namespace std;

class tFunc{
    int x;
public:
    tFunc(){
        cout<<"Constructed : "<<this<<endl;
        x = 1;
    }
    tFunc(tFunc const& obj) : x(obj.x)
    {
        cout<<"Copy constructed : "<<this<< " (source=" << &obj << ')' << endl;
    }

    ~tFunc(){
        cout<<"Destroyed : "<<this<<endl;
    }

    void operator()(){
        x += 10;
        cout<<"Thread running at : "<<x<<endl;
    }
    int getX() const { return x; }
};

int main()
{
    tFunc t;
    thread t1{t};
    if(t1.joinable())
    {
        cout<<"Thread is joining..."<<endl;
        t1.join();
    }
    cout<<"x : "<<t.getX()<<endl;
    return 0;
}

输出(地址不同)

Constructed : 0x104055020
Copy constructed : 0x104055160 (source=0x104055020)
Copy constructed : 0x602000008a38 (source=0x104055160)
Destroyed : 0x104055160
Thread running at : 11
Destroyed : 0x602000008a38
Thread is joining...
x : 1
Destroyed : 0x104055020

<小时/>

复制构造函数和移动构造函数

如果您提供一个移动 vector ，那么至少其中一个拷贝将是首选:

#include <iostream>
#include <thread>
#include <functional>
using namespace std;

class tFunc{
    int x;
public:
    tFunc(){
        cout<<"Constructed : "<<this<<endl;
        x = 1;
    }
    tFunc(tFunc const& obj) : x(obj.x)
    {
        cout<<"Copy constructed : "<<this<< " (source=" << &obj << ')' << endl;
    }

    tFunc(tFunc&& obj) : x(obj.x)
    {
        cout<<"Move constructed : "<<this<< " (source=" << &obj << ')' << endl;
        obj.x = 0;
    }

    ~tFunc(){
        cout<<"Destroyed : "<<this<<endl;
    }

    void operator()(){
        x += 10;
        cout<<"Thread running at : "<<x<<endl;
    }
    int getX() const { return x; }
};

int main()
{
    tFunc t;
    thread t1{t};
    if(t1.joinable())
    {
        cout<<"Thread is joining..."<<endl;
        t1.join();
    }
    cout<<"x : "<<t.getX()<<endl;
    return 0;
}

输出(地址不同)

Constructed : 0x104057020
Copy constructed : 0x104057160 (source=0x104057020)
Move constructed : 0x602000008a38 (source=0x104057160)
Destroyed : 0x104057160
Thread running at : 11
Destroyed : 0x602000008a38
Thread is joining...
x : 1
Destroyed : 0x104057020

<小时/>

引用包装

如果您想避免这些拷贝，您可以将可调用对象包装在引用包装器 (std::ref) 中。由于您希望在线程部分完成后使用 t，因此这对于您的情况是可行的。实际上，在针对调用对象的引用进行线程处理时，您必须非常小心，因为对象的生命周期必须至少与使用该引用的线程一样长。

#include <iostream>
#include <thread>
#include <functional>
using namespace std;

class tFunc{
    int x;
public:
    tFunc(){
        cout<<"Constructed : "<<this<<endl;
        x = 1;
    }
    tFunc(tFunc const& obj) : x(obj.x)
    {
        cout<<"Copy constructed : "<<this<< " (source=" << &obj << ')' << endl;
    }

    tFunc(tFunc&& obj) : x(obj.x)
    {
        cout<<"Move constructed : "<<this<< " (source=" << &obj << ')' << endl;
        obj.x = 0;
    }

    ~tFunc(){
        cout<<"Destroyed : "<<this<<endl;
    }

    void operator()(){
        x += 10;
        cout<<"Thread running at : "<<x<<endl;
    }
    int getX() const { return x; }
};

int main()
{
    tFunc t;
    thread t1{std::ref(t)}; // LOOK HERE
    if(t1.joinable())
    {
        cout<<"Thread is joining..."<<endl;
        t1.join();
    }
    cout<<"x : "<<t.getX()<<endl;
    return 0;
}

输出(地址不同)

Constructed : 0x104057020
Thread is joining...
Thread running at : 11
x : 11
Destroyed : 0x104057020

请注意，尽管我保留了复制 vector 和移动 vector 重载，但两者都没有被调用，因为引用包装器现在是被复制/移动的东西；不是它引用的东西。此外，最后的方法提供了您可能正在寻找的内容；实际上，main 中的 t.x 已修改为 11。这在之前的尝试中是没有的。然而，这一点怎么强调都不为过:这样做要小心。对象生命周期至关重要。

<小时/>

移动，无非

最后，如果您没有兴趣像示例中那样保留 t，则可以使用移动语义将实例直接发送到线程，并一路移动。

#include <iostream>
#include <thread>
#include <functional>
using namespace std;

class tFunc{
    int x;
public:
    tFunc(){
        cout<<"Constructed : "<<this<<endl;
        x = 1;
    }
    tFunc(tFunc const& obj) : x(obj.x)
    {
        cout<<"Copy constructed : "<<this<< " (source=" << &obj << ')' << endl;
    }

    tFunc(tFunc&& obj) : x(obj.x)
    {
        cout<<"Move constructed : "<<this<< " (source=" << &obj << ')' << endl;
        obj.x = 0;
    }

    ~tFunc(){
        cout<<"Destroyed : "<<this<<endl;
    }

    void operator()(){
        x += 10;
        cout<<"Thread running at : "<<x<<endl;
    }
    int getX() const { return x; }
};

int main()
{
    thread t1{tFunc()}; // LOOK HERE
    if(t1.joinable())
    {
        cout<<"Thread is joining..."<<endl;
        t1.join();
    }
    return 0;
}

输出(地址不同)

Constructed : 0x104055040
Move constructed : 0x104055160 (source=0x104055040)
Move constructed : 0x602000008a38 (source=0x104055160)
Destroyed : 0x104055160
Destroyed : 0x104055040
Thread is joining...
Thread running at : 11
Destroyed : 0x602000008a38

在这里你可以看到对象被创建，对 said-same 的右值引用然后直接发送到 std::thread::thread()，在那里它再次移动到其最终的休息位置，从该点开始由线程拥有。不涉及抄袭者。实际的 dtors 针对两个外壳和最终目标具体对象。