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如果您的应用程序需要数据库并且它带有内置数据,那么发布该应用程序的最佳方式是什么?我应该:
预先创建 SQLite 数据库并将其包含在 .apk
中?
在应用程序中包含 SQL 命令并让它创建数据库并在首次使用时插入数据?
我看到的缺点是:
可能的 SQLite 版本不匹配可能会导致问题,而且我目前不知道数据库应该放在哪里以及如何访问它。
在设备上创建和填充数据库可能需要很长时间。
有什么建议吗?如果您能提供有关任何问题的文档,我们将不胜感激。
最佳答案
有两个选项用于创建和更新数据库。
一种是在外部创建一个数据库,然后将其放在项目的assets文件夹中,然后从那里复制整个数据库。如果数据库有很多表和其他组件,这会快得多。 通过更改 res/values/strings.xml 文件中的数据库版本号来触发升级。然后通过在外部创建新数据库、替换旧数据库来完成升级在包含新数据库的 Assets 文件夹中,以另一个名称将旧数据库保存在内部存储中,将新数据库从 Assets 文件夹复制到内部存储中,将旧数据库(之前已重命名)中的所有数据传输到新数据库中数据库,最后删除旧数据库。您最初可以使用SQLite Manager FireFox插件来执行您的创建sql语句来创建数据库。
另一个选项是从 sql 文件内部创建数据库。这不是那么快,但如果数据库只有几个表,用户可能不会注意到延迟。 通过更改 res/values/strings.xml 文件中的数据库版本号来触发升级。然后通过处理升级 sql 文件来完成升级。数据库中的数据将保持不变,除非其容器被删除,例如删除表。
下面的示例演示了如何使用任一方法。
这是一个示例 create_database.sql 文件。内部方法需要放在项目的assets文件夹下,或者复制到SQLite Manager的“执行SQL”中,为外部方法创建数据库。(注意:注意注释Android 所需的表。)
--Android requires a table named 'android_metadata' with a 'locale' column
CREATE TABLE "android_metadata" ("locale" TEXT DEFAULT 'en_US');
INSERT INTO "android_metadata" VALUES ('en_US');
CREATE TABLE "kitchen_table";
CREATE TABLE "coffee_table";
CREATE TABLE "pool_table";
CREATE TABLE "dining_room_table";
CREATE TABLE "card_table";
这是一个示例 update_database.sql 文件。对于内部方法,需要将其放置在项目的 asset 文件夹中,或者复制到 SQLite Manager 的“执行 SQL”中,为外部方法创建数据库。(注意:所有三种类型SQL 注释将被本示例中包含的 SQL 解析器忽略。)
--CREATE TABLE "kitchen_table"; This is one type of comment in sql. It is ignored by parseSql.
/*
* CREATE TABLE "coffee_table"; This is a second type of comment in sql. It is ignored by parseSql.
*/
{
CREATE TABLE "pool_table"; This is a third type of comment in sql. It is ignored by parseSql.
}
/* CREATE TABLE "dining_room_table"; This is a second type of comment in sql. It is ignored by parseSql. */
{ CREATE TABLE "card_table"; This is a third type of comment in sql. It is ignored by parseSql. }
--DROP TABLE "picnic_table"; Uncomment this if picnic table was previously created and now is being replaced.
CREATE TABLE "picnic_table" ("plates" TEXT);
INSERT INTO "picnic_table" VALUES ('paper');
这是要添加到/res/values/strings.xml 文件中的数据库版本号条目。
<item type="string" name="databaseVersion" format="integer">1</item>
这是一个访问数据库然后使用它的 Activity 。 (注意:如果数据库代码使用大量资源,您可能希望在单独的线程中运行数据库代码。)
package android.example;
import android.app.Activity;
import android.database.sqlite.SQLiteDatabase;
import android.os.Bundle;
/**
* @author Danny Remington - MacroSolve
*
* Activity for demonstrating how to use a sqlite database.
*/
public class Database extends Activity {
/** Called when the activity is first created. */
@Override
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.main);
DatabaseHelper myDbHelper;
SQLiteDatabase myDb = null;
myDbHelper = new DatabaseHelper(this);
/*
* Database must be initialized before it can be used. This will ensure
* that the database exists and is the current version.
*/
myDbHelper.initializeDataBase();
try {
// A reference to the database can be obtained after initialization.
myDb = myDbHelper.getWritableDatabase();
/*
* Place code to use database here.
*/
} catch (Exception ex) {
ex.printStackTrace();
} finally {
try {
myDbHelper.close();
} catch (Exception ex) {
ex.printStackTrace();
} finally {
myDb.close();
}
}
}
}
这是数据库帮助程序类,必要时在其中创建或更新数据库。 (注意:Android 要求您创建一个扩展 SQLiteOpenHelper 的类才能使用 Sqlite 数据库。)
package android.example;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import android.content.Context;
import android.database.sqlite.SQLiteDatabase;
import android.database.sqlite.SQLiteOpenHelper;
/**
* @author Danny Remington - MacroSolve
*
* Helper class for sqlite database.
*/
public class DatabaseHelper extends SQLiteOpenHelper {
/*
* The Android's default system path of the application database in internal
* storage. The package of the application is part of the path of the
* directory.
*/
private static String DB_DIR = "/data/data/android.example/databases/";
private static String DB_NAME = "database.sqlite";
private static String DB_PATH = DB_DIR + DB_NAME;
private static String OLD_DB_PATH = DB_DIR + "old_" + DB_NAME;
private final Context myContext;
private boolean createDatabase = false;
private boolean upgradeDatabase = false;
/**
* Constructor Takes and keeps a reference of the passed context in order to
* access to the application assets and resources.
*
* @param context
*/
public DatabaseHelper(Context context) {
super(context, DB_NAME, null, context.getResources().getInteger(
R.string.databaseVersion));
myContext = context;
// Get the path of the database that is based on the context.
DB_PATH = myContext.getDatabasePath(DB_NAME).getAbsolutePath();
}
/**
* Upgrade the database in internal storage if it exists but is not current.
* Create a new empty database in internal storage if it does not exist.
*/
public void initializeDataBase() {
/*
* Creates or updates the database in internal storage if it is needed
* before opening the database. In all cases opening the database copies
* the database in internal storage to the cache.
*/
getWritableDatabase();
if (createDatabase) {
/*
* If the database is created by the copy method, then the creation
* code needs to go here. This method consists of copying the new
* database from assets into internal storage and then caching it.
*/
try {
/*
* Write over the empty data that was created in internal
* storage with the one in assets and then cache it.
*/
copyDataBase();
} catch (IOException e) {
throw new Error("Error copying database");
}
} else if (upgradeDatabase) {
/*
* If the database is upgraded by the copy and reload method, then
* the upgrade code needs to go here. This method consists of
* renaming the old database in internal storage, create an empty
* new database in internal storage, copying the database from
* assets to the new database in internal storage, caching the new
* database from internal storage, loading the data from the old
* database into the new database in the cache and then deleting the
* old database from internal storage.
*/
try {
FileHelper.copyFile(DB_PATH, OLD_DB_PATH);
copyDataBase();
SQLiteDatabase old_db = SQLiteDatabase.openDatabase(OLD_DB_PATH, null, SQLiteDatabase.OPEN_READWRITE);
SQLiteDatabase new_db = SQLiteDatabase.openDatabase(DB_PATH,null, SQLiteDatabase.OPEN_READWRITE);
/*
* Add code to load data into the new database from the old
* database and then delete the old database from internal
* storage after all data has been transferred.
*/
} catch (IOException e) {
throw new Error("Error copying database");
}
}
}
/**
* Copies your database from your local assets-folder to the just created
* empty database in the system folder, from where it can be accessed and
* handled. This is done by transfering bytestream.
* */
private void copyDataBase() throws IOException {
/*
* Close SQLiteOpenHelper so it will commit the created empty database
* to internal storage.
*/
close();
/*
* Open the database in the assets folder as the input stream.
*/
InputStream myInput = myContext.getAssets().open(DB_NAME);
/*
* Open the empty db in interal storage as the output stream.
*/
OutputStream myOutput = new FileOutputStream(DB_PATH);
/*
* Copy over the empty db in internal storage with the database in the
* assets folder.
*/
FileHelper.copyFile(myInput, myOutput);
/*
* Access the copied database so SQLiteHelper will cache it and mark it
* as created.
*/
getWritableDatabase().close();
}
/*
* This is where the creation of tables and the initial population of the
* tables should happen, if a database is being created from scratch instead
* of being copied from the application package assets. Copying a database
* from the application package assets to internal storage inside this
* method will result in a corrupted database.
* <P>
* NOTE: This method is normally only called when a database has not already
* been created. When the database has been copied, then this method is
* called the first time a reference to the database is retrieved after the
* database is copied since the database last cached by SQLiteOpenHelper is
* different than the database in internal storage.
*/
@Override
public void onCreate(SQLiteDatabase db) {
/*
* Signal that a new database needs to be copied. The copy process must
* be performed after the database in the cache has been closed causing
* it to be committed to internal storage. Otherwise the database in
* internal storage will not have the same creation timestamp as the one
* in the cache causing the database in internal storage to be marked as
* corrupted.
*/
createDatabase = true;
/*
* This will create by reading a sql file and executing the commands in
* it.
*/
// try {
// InputStream is = myContext.getResources().getAssets().open(
// "create_database.sql");
//
// String[] statements = FileHelper.parseSqlFile(is);
//
// for (String statement : statements) {
// db.execSQL(statement);
// }
// } catch (Exception ex) {
// ex.printStackTrace();
// }
}
/**
* Called only if version number was changed and the database has already
* been created. Copying a database from the application package assets to
* the internal data system inside this method will result in a corrupted
* database in the internal data system.
*/
@Override
public void onUpgrade(SQLiteDatabase db, int oldVersion, int newVersion) {
/*
* Signal that the database needs to be upgraded for the copy method of
* creation. The copy process must be performed after the database has
* been opened or the database will be corrupted.
*/
upgradeDatabase = true;
/*
* Code to update the database via execution of sql statements goes
* here.
*/
/*
* This will upgrade by reading a sql file and executing the commands in
* it.
*/
// try {
// InputStream is = myContext.getResources().getAssets().open(
// "upgrade_database.sql");
//
// String[] statements = FileHelper.parseSqlFile(is);
//
// for (String statement : statements) {
// db.execSQL(statement);
// }
// } catch (Exception ex) {
// ex.printStackTrace();
// }
}
/**
* Called everytime the database is opened by getReadableDatabase or
* getWritableDatabase. This is called after onCreate or onUpgrade is
* called.
*/
@Override
public void onOpen(SQLiteDatabase db) {
super.onOpen(db);
}
/*
* Add your public helper methods to access and get content from the
* database. You could return cursors by doing
* "return myDataBase.query(....)" so it'd be easy to you to create adapters
* for your views.
*/
}
这是 FileHelper 类,其中包含字节流复制文件和解析 sql 文件的方法。
package android.example;
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.FileReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.io.Reader;
import java.nio.channels.FileChannel;
/**
* @author Danny Remington - MacroSolve
*
* Helper class for common tasks using files.
*
*/
public class FileHelper {
/**
* Creates the specified <i><b>toFile</b></i> that is a byte for byte a copy
* of <i><b>fromFile</b></i>. If <i><b>toFile</b></i> already existed, then
* it will be replaced with a copy of <i><b>fromFile</b></i>. The name and
* path of <i><b>toFile</b></i> will be that of <i><b>toFile</b></i>. Both
* <i><b>fromFile</b></i> and <i><b>toFile</b></i> will be closed by this
* operation.
*
* @param fromFile
* - InputStream for the file to copy from.
* @param toFile
* - InputStream for the file to copy to.
*/
public static void copyFile(InputStream fromFile, OutputStream toFile) throws IOException {
// transfer bytes from the inputfile to the outputfile
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
int length;
try {
while ((length = fromFile.read(buffer)) > 0) {
toFile.write(buffer, 0, length);
}
}
// Close the streams
finally {
try {
if (toFile != null) {
try {
toFile.flush();
} finally {
toFile.close();
}
}
} finally {
if (fromFile != null) {
fromFile.close();
}
}
}
}
/**
* Creates the specified <i><b>toFile</b></i> that is a byte for byte a copy
* of <i><b>fromFile</b></i>. If <i><b>toFile</b></i> already existed, then
* it will be replaced with a copy of <i><b>fromFile</b></i>. The name and
* path of <i><b>toFile</b></i> will be that of <i><b>toFile</b></i>. Both
* <i><b>fromFile</b></i> and <i><b>toFile</b></i> will be closed by this
* operation.
*
* @param fromFile
* - String specifying the path of the file to copy from.
* @param toFile
* - String specifying the path of the file to copy to.
*/
public static void copyFile(String fromFile, String toFile) throws IOException {
copyFile(new FileInputStream(fromFile), new FileOutputStream(toFile));
}
/**
* Creates the specified <i><b>toFile</b></i> that is a byte for byte a copy
* of <i><b>fromFile</b></i>. If <i><b>toFile</b></i> already existed, then
* it will be replaced with a copy of <i><b>fromFile</b></i>. The name and
* path of <i><b>toFile</b></i> will be that of <i><b>toFile</b></i>. Both
* <i><b>fromFile</b></i> and <i><b>toFile</b></i> will be closed by this
* operation.
*
* @param fromFile
* - File for the file to copy from.
* @param toFile
* - File for the file to copy to.
*/
public static void copyFile(File fromFile, File toFile) throws IOException {
copyFile(new FileInputStream(fromFile), new FileOutputStream(toFile));
}
/**
* Creates the specified <i><b>toFile</b></i> that is a byte for byte a copy
* of <i><b>fromFile</b></i>. If <i><b>toFile</b></i> already existed, then
* it will be replaced with a copy of <i><b>fromFile</b></i>. The name and
* path of <i><b>toFile</b></i> will be that of <i><b>toFile</b></i>. Both
* <i><b>fromFile</b></i> and <i><b>toFile</b></i> will be closed by this
* operation.
*
* @param fromFile
* - FileInputStream for the file to copy from.
* @param toFile
* - FileInputStream for the file to copy to.
*/
public static void copyFile(FileInputStream fromFile, FileOutputStream toFile) throws IOException {
FileChannel fromChannel = fromFile.getChannel();
FileChannel toChannel = toFile.getChannel();
try {
fromChannel.transferTo(0, fromChannel.size(), toChannel);
} finally {
try {
if (fromChannel != null) {
fromChannel.close();
}
} finally {
if (toChannel != null) {
toChannel.close();
}
}
}
}
/**
* Parses a file containing sql statements into a String array that contains
* only the sql statements. Comments and white spaces in the file are not
* parsed into the String array. Note the file must not contained malformed
* comments and all sql statements must end with a semi-colon ";" in order
* for the file to be parsed correctly. The sql statements in the String
* array will not end with a semi-colon ";".
*
* @param sqlFile
* - String containing the path for the file that contains sql
* statements.
*
* @return String array containing the sql statements.
*/
public static String[] parseSqlFile(String sqlFile) throws IOException {
return parseSqlFile(new BufferedReader(new FileReader(sqlFile)));
}
/**
* Parses a file containing sql statements into a String array that contains
* only the sql statements. Comments and white spaces in the file are not
* parsed into the String array. Note the file must not contained malformed
* comments and all sql statements must end with a semi-colon ";" in order
* for the file to be parsed correctly. The sql statements in the String
* array will not end with a semi-colon ";".
*
* @param sqlFile
* - InputStream for the file that contains sql statements.
*
* @return String array containing the sql statements.
*/
public static String[] parseSqlFile(InputStream sqlFile) throws IOException {
return parseSqlFile(new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(sqlFile)));
}
/**
* Parses a file containing sql statements into a String array that contains
* only the sql statements. Comments and white spaces in the file are not
* parsed into the String array. Note the file must not contained malformed
* comments and all sql statements must end with a semi-colon ";" in order
* for the file to be parsed correctly. The sql statements in the String
* array will not end with a semi-colon ";".
*
* @param sqlFile
* - Reader for the file that contains sql statements.
*
* @return String array containing the sql statements.
*/
public static String[] parseSqlFile(Reader sqlFile) throws IOException {
return parseSqlFile(new BufferedReader(sqlFile));
}
/**
* Parses a file containing sql statements into a String array that contains
* only the sql statements. Comments and white spaces in the file are not
* parsed into the String array. Note the file must not contained malformed
* comments and all sql statements must end with a semi-colon ";" in order
* for the file to be parsed correctly. The sql statements in the String
* array will not end with a semi-colon ";".
*
* @param sqlFile
* - BufferedReader for the file that contains sql statements.
*
* @return String array containing the sql statements.
*/
public static String[] parseSqlFile(BufferedReader sqlFile) throws IOException {
String line;
StringBuilder sql = new StringBuilder();
String multiLineComment = null;
while ((line = sqlFile.readLine()) != null) {
line = line.trim();
// Check for start of multi-line comment
if (multiLineComment == null) {
// Check for first multi-line comment type
if (line.startsWith("/*")) {
if (!line.endsWith("}")) {
multiLineComment = "/*";
}
// Check for second multi-line comment type
} else if (line.startsWith("{")) {
if (!line.endsWith("}")) {
multiLineComment = "{";
}
// Append line if line is not empty or a single line comment
} else if (!line.startsWith("--") && !line.equals("")) {
sql.append(line);
} // Check for matching end comment
} else if (multiLineComment.equals("/*")) {
if (line.endsWith("*/")) {
multiLineComment = null;
}
// Check for matching end comment
} else if (multiLineComment.equals("{")) {
if (line.endsWith("}")) {
multiLineComment = null;
}
}
}
sqlFile.close();
return sql.toString().split(";");
}
}
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