java - 程序打印对于圆柱体面积、体积、范围+继承java保持打印0.0

Question

我尝试了几种不同的方法。我需要使用继承来扩展这些类。每次我运行该程序时，它都会输出 0.0 的体积和面积。半径显示正确。输出在底部。

public class Base_HW04Q1
{
    public double pi = 3.14, l, radius, height, area, volume;

    public static class RoundShape extends Base_HW04Q1 {
        public RoundShape(double radius) {
            this.radius = radius;
        }
        public double calcArea () {
            area = (radius * radius) * pi;
            return area;
        }
        public String toString() {
            return "A Round Shape of radius: " + radius + ", area " + area + ".";
        }
    }


    public static class Cylinder extends Base_HW04Q1
    {
        public Cylinder(double radius, double height) {
            this.radius = radius;
            this.height = height;
        }
        public double calcArea() {
            l = Math.sqrt((radius * radius) + (height * height));
            area = 2 * pi * radius * height + 2 * pi * l;
            return area;
        }
        public double calcVolume() {
            volume = pi * (radius * radius) * height; 
            return volume;
        }
        public String toString() {
            return "A Cylinder of radius: " + radius + ", area " + area + " and a volume of " + volume;
        }
    }


    public static class Cone extends Base_HW04Q1 //TODO: This line is almost, but not quite, complete.
    {
        public Cone(double radius, double height) {
            this.radius = radius;
            this.height = height;
        }
        public double calcArea() {
            l = Math.sqrt((radius * radius) + (height * height));
            area = (pi * radius * l) + (pi * radius * radius);
            return area;
        }
        public double calcVolume() {
            volume = 0.333 * pi * radius * radius * height;
            return volume;
        }
        public String toString() {
            return "A Cone of radius: " + radius + ", area " + area + " and a volume of " + volume;
        }
    }   

    public static void main(String[] args)
    {  
        //object creation
        Cylinder Cylinder1 = new Cylinder(30, 10);
        Cone Cone1 = new Cone(10, 20);
        RoundShape RoundShape1 = new RoundShape(50);

        //print for objects
        System.out.println(Cylinder1);
        System.out.println(RoundShape1);
        System.out.println(Cone1);
    }
}

输出:

A Cylinder of radius: 30.0, area 0.0 and a volume of 0.0 A Round Shape of radius: 50.0, area 0.0. A Cone of radius: 10.0, area 0.0 and a volume of 0.0

Answer 1

您的 toString() 永远不会调用执行计算的方法，而是打印默认的 0.0 字段值。如果在调用 calcXxxx() 方法之前调用 toString()，您将面临此风险，即在计算字段被赋予适当的值之前。最好的解决方案是首先完全消除计算值(例如面积和体积)的字段，从而防止此问题发生。相反，在 toString() 中，调用方法来获取这些值。

例如，

public double pi = 3.14, l, radius, height; // , area, volume;

public static class RoundShape extends Base_HW04Q1 {
    public RoundShape(double radius) {
        this.radius = radius;
    }
    public double calcArea () {
        return (radius * radius) * pi;
        // return area;
    }
    public String toString() {
        return "A Round Shape of radius: " + radius + ", area " + calcArea() + ".";
    }
}