python-3.x - 如何注释标签到 3D matplotlib 散点图？

Question

我使用 3 个主成分(PC1、PC2、PC3)对我的数据运行了 sklearn - 主成分分析。数据看起来像这样(它是一个 pandas DataFrame):

下面是绘制主成分的代码:

from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import axes3d
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
%matplotlib
fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.gca(projection='3d')
ax.set_title('3D Scatter Plot')
ax.set_xlabel('PC1')
ax.set_ylabel('PC2')
ax.set_zlabel('PC3')

ax.view_init(elev=12, azim=40)              # elevation and angle
ax.dist=10                                 # distance
ax.scatter(
       data_df_3dx['PC1'], data_df_3dx['PC2'], data_df_3dx['PC3'],  # data
       #color='purple',                            # marker colour
       #marker='o',                                # marker shape
       s=60                                       # marker size
       )

plt.show() 

我的问题是，如何为点添加标签(如“GER，medium”)？希望有人能帮助我:)

Answer 1

在以下帖子中[1] , [2]讨论了 matplotlib 中 3D 箭头的绘制。

同样可以创建Annotation3D类(继承自Annotation):

from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d.proj3d import proj_transform
from matplotlib.text import Annotation

class Annotation3D(Annotation):
    '''Annotate the point xyz with text s'''

    def __init__(self, s, xyz, *args, **kwargs):
        Annotation.__init__(self,s, xy=(0,0), *args, **kwargs)
        self._verts3d = xyz        

    def draw(self, renderer):
        xs3d, ys3d, zs3d = self._verts3d
        xs, ys, zs = proj_transform(xs3d, ys3d, zs3d, renderer.M)
        self.xy=(xs,ys)
        Annotation.draw(self, renderer)

进一步，我们可以定义annotate3D()函数:

def annotate3D(ax, s, *args, **kwargs):
    '''add anotation text s to to Axes3d ax'''

    tag = Annotation3D(s, *args, **kwargs)
    ax.add_artist(tag)

使用此功能注释标签可以添加到 Axes3d，如下例所示:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt    
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import axes3d
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d.art3d import Line3DCollection

# data: coordinates of nodes and links
xn = [1.1, 1.9, 0.1, 0.3, 1.6, 0.8, 2.3, 1.2, 1.7, 1.0, -0.7, 0.1, 0.1, -0.9, 0.1, -0.1, 2.1, 2.7, 2.6, 2.0]
yn = [-1.2, -2.0, -1.2, -0.7, -0.4, -2.2, -1.0, -1.3, -1.5, -2.1, -0.7, -0.3, 0.7, -0.0, -0.3, 0.7, 0.7, 0.3, 0.8, 1.2]
zn = [-1.6, -1.5, -1.3, -2.0, -2.4, -2.1, -1.8, -2.8, -0.5, -0.8, -0.4, -1.1, -1.8, -1.5, 0.1, -0.6, 0.2, -0.1, -0.8, -0.4]
group = [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3]
edges = [(1, 0), (2, 0), (3, 0), (3, 2), (4, 0), (5, 0), (6, 0), (7, 0), (8, 0), (9, 0), (11, 10), (11, 3), (11, 2), (11, 0), (12, 11), (13, 11), (14, 11), (15, 11), (17, 16), (18, 16), (18, 17), (19, 16), (19, 17), (19, 18)]
xyzn = zip(xn, yn, zn)
segments = [(xyzn[s], xyzn[t]) for s, t in edges]                

# create figure        
fig = plt.figure(dpi=60)
ax = fig.gca(projection='3d')
ax.set_axis_off()

# plot vertices
ax.scatter(xn,yn,zn, marker='o', c = group, s = 64)    
# plot edges
edge_col = Line3DCollection(segments, lw=0.2)
ax.add_collection3d(edge_col)
# add vertices annotation.
for j, xyz_ in enumerate(xyzn): 
    annotate3D(ax, s=str(j), xyz=xyz_, fontsize=10, xytext=(-3,3),
               textcoords='offset points', ha='right',va='bottom')    
plt.show()