python - TypeError : can't concat bytes to str时如何转换为字节

Question

我尝试通过 API 发送数据，但收到 TypeError: can't concat bytes to str。我理解这意味着我需要将部分代码转换为字节，但我不确定如何执行此操作。我尝试在前面添加 b 或使用 bytes('data') 但可能会将它们放在错误的区域。

import http.client

conn = http.client.HTTPSConnection("exampleurl.com")

payload = {
    'FilterId': "63G8Tg4LWfWjW84Qy0usld5i0f",
    'name': "Test",
    'description': "Test1",
    'deadline': "2017-12-31",
    'exclusionRuleName': "Exclude",
    'disable': "true",
    'type': "Type1"
    }

headers = {
    'content-type': "multipart/form-data; boundary=----WebKitFormBoundary7MA4YWxkTrZu0gW",
    'x-csrf-token': "wWjeFkMcbopci1TK2cibZ2hczI",
    'cache-control': "no-cache",
    'postman-token': "23c09c76-3b030-eea1-e16ffd48e9"
    }


conn.request("POST", "/api/campaign/create", payload, headers)


res = conn.getresponse()
data = res.read()

print(data.decode("utf-8"))

这是问题行:

conn.request("POST", "/api/campaign/create", payload, headers)

我不确定什么以及如何转换为字节。

Answer 1

使用requests如果可以的话，合作起来会容易得多。

否则，您需要urlencode要发布到服务器的有效负载。负载的 url 编码版本如下所示:

description=Test1&exclusionRuleName=Exclude&FilterId=63G8Tg4LWfWjW84Qy0usld5i0f&deadline=2017-12-31&type=Type1&name=Test&disable=true

Here is a working example:

import http.client
from urllib.parse import urlencode

conn = http.client.HTTPSConnection("httpbin.org")

payload = {
    'FilterId': "63G8Tg4LWfWjW84Qy0usld5i0f",
    'name': "Test",
    'description': "Test1",
    'deadline': "2017-12-31",
    'exclusionRuleName': "Exclude",
    'disable': "true",
    'type': "Type1"
    }

headers = {
    'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
    'x-csrf-token': "wWjeFkMcbopci1TK2cibZ2hczI",
    'cache-control': "no-cache",
    'postman-token': "23c09c76-3b030-eea1-e16ffd48e9"
    }

conn.request("POST", "/post", urlencode(payload), headers)

res = conn.getresponse()
data = res.read()

print(data.decode("utf-8"))

http://httpbin.org返回此 JSON 响应:

{  "args": {},   "data": "",   "files": {},   "form": {    "FilterId": "63G8Tg4LWfWjW84Qy0usld5i0f",     "deadline": "2017-12-31",     "description": "Test1",     "disable": "true",     "exclusionRuleName": "Exclude",     "name": "Test",     "type": "Type1"  },   "headers": {    "Accept-Encoding": "identity",     "Cache-Control": "no-cache",     "Connection": "close",     "Content-Length": "133",     "Content-Type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded",     "Host": "httpbin.org",     "Postman-Token": "23c09c76-3b030-eea1-e16ffd48e9",     "X-Csrf-Token": "wWjeFkMcbopci1TK2cibZ2hczI"  },   "json": null,   "origin": "220.233.14.203",   "url": "https://httpbin.org/post"}

请注意，我正在使用 httpbin.org作为测试服务器，发布到 https://httpbin.org/post .

此外，我已将 Content-type header 更改为 application/x-www-form-urlencoded，因为这是 urlencode() 返回的格式。