python - 在 Python 上运行多个 Turtle Speed

Question

我正在尝试用Python构建一个核 react 堆模型(不是很精确，只是为了学习和享受乐趣)。我正在关注这个model .

到目前为止，我已经构建了基本的主框架。燃料、中子，还有像电路板和边框这样的基本东西。您可能知道，当中子撞击适当的元素时，它能够将该元素分成两部分，并产生一个(或几个)以上中子。我在我的代码中应用了相同的概念，当一个中子撞击燃料粒子时，将产生另一个中子。但我现在面临的问题是，当我在屏幕上看到一定数量的中子时，模拟开始变慢，直到无法观看。

我一直在检查我的代码，试图提高它的效率，但我找不到会导致这种情况的特定或特殊的东西。

我的代码:

import turtle
from random import randint


class Reactor:

    def __init__(self, spendfuel, board, startNeut, iterr, percent_fuel):

        self.fuel = []
        self.fuel_t = self.newParticle('red','square',0,0)

        self.spendfuel = spendfuel

        turtle.setup(board[0]+200,board[1]+200), turtle.title("Reactor Top Down Reaction Model")

        self.fuel,self.neutrons = self.setup(percent_fuel,board[0]//2,board[1]//2,1)

        for i in range(iterr):
            self.react(board[0]//2, board[1]//2)
            if (len(self.neutrons) == 0):
                return
            turtle.update()


    def setup(self, percent_fuel, x_length, y_length, neutronsNum):
        turtle.bgcolor("black"), turtle.tracer(0,0)

        for row in range(-x_length,x_length,4):
            for column in range(y_length,-y_length,-4):
                if (percent_fuel > randint(0,100)):
                    self.fuel_t.goto(row,column)
                    s_id = self.fuel_t.stamp()
                    s_pos = self.fuel_t.pos()
                    self.fuel.append([s_id,s_pos])

        self.fuel_t.color('sienna')
        self.neutrons = [ self.newParticle('yellow','circle',randint(-x_length,x_length),randint(-y_length,y_length)) for neutron in range(neutronsNum)]
        turtle.update()

        return self.fuel,self.neutrons

    def react(self, x_length, y_length):
        self.power = 0
        for index,neutron in enumerate(self.neutrons):

            x_pos = int(neutron.xcor())
            y_pos = int(neutron.ycor())
            inside_border = False

            if ((-x_length <= x_pos) and (x_pos <= x_length) and (-y_length <= y_pos) and (y_pos <= y_length)):
                inside_border = True

                neutron.fd(2)

                start = 0
                if (x_pos <= 0 and y_pos >= 0): #Start the search for a nearby uranim from the current neutron's quad.
                    start = 0
                elif (x_pos < 0 and y_pos < 0):
                    start = len(self.fuel) // 4
                elif (x_pos > 0 and y_pos > 0):
                    start = len(self.fuel) // 2
                else:
                    start = int(len(self.fuel) // 1.3333)

                for i in range(start,len(self.fuel)-1):
                    if (neutron.distance(self.fuel[i][1]) <= 1):
                        self.fission(neutron,i,self.neutrons)
                        break

            if not(inside_border):
                self.neutrons.remove(neutron)
                neutron.ht()


    def fission(self, neutron, index, neutrons):
        neutron.rt(randint(0,360))
        if (self.spendfuel):
            self.fuel_t.goto(self.fuel[index][1])
            self.fuel_t.stamp()
            self.fuel.pop(index)

        neutrons.append(self.newParticle('yellow','circle',neutron.xcor(),neutron.ycor()))
        neutrons[-1].rt(randint(0,360))

    def newParticle(self, color, shape, row, column):
        t = turtle.Pen() #New turltle type object
        t.pu(), t.speed(10), t.ht(), t.color(color), t.shape(shape), t.shapesize(0.125,0.125,0.125)
        t.goto(row,column), t.st()
        return t





if __name__ == "__main__":

    g = Reactor(False, [400,400], 1, 300, 10)

如果有任何帮助解决这个问题并使我的模型运行得更快，我将不胜感激。同样重要的是，中子与 turtle.stamp() 燃料粒子不同，是 turtle 对象。中子由颜色 - 黄色 - 表示，而燃料颗粒由颜色 - 红色 - 表示

Answer 1

此调用是您的瓶颈之一(可能占您时间的 2/3):

if (neutron.distance(self.fuel[i][1]) <= 1):

它发生了数十万次(如果参数正确，可能会发生数百万次)，其核心是进行昂贵的算术:

(self[0]**2 + self[1]**2)**0.5

当它调用abs()时Vec2D 减法的结果。 (当您知道 self.fuel[i][1] 是 Vec2D 时，它甚至会测试它是否是 Vec2D。)因为我们的目标是 <= 1 ，我们可能不需要求幂和平方根，我们也许可以使用更便宜的近似值，例如:

distance = self.fuel[i][1] - neutron.position()  # returns a Vec2D

if abs(distance[0]) + abs(distance[1]) <= 1:

将这个瓶颈减少到大约 1/3 的时间。 (即测试边界正方形而不是测试边界圆。)

it is still relatively slow and I'd like it to be faster

我们将使用传统方法来解决这个问题，通过转动 self.fuel 来权衡空间和速度。变成稀疏矩阵而不是列表。这样我们就完全消除了搜索，只检查当前位置是否位于燃料棒上:

from turtle import Turtle, Screen
from random import randint

BORDER = 100
MAGNIFICATION = 4
CURSOR_SIZE = 20

class Reactor:

    def __init__(self, spendfuel, board, startNeut, iterations, percent_fuel):

        width, height = board

        screen = Screen()
        screen.setup(width + BORDER * 2, height + BORDER * 2)
        screen.setworldcoordinates(-BORDER // MAGNIFICATION, -BORDER // MAGNIFICATION, (width + BORDER) // MAGNIFICATION, (height + BORDER) // MAGNIFICATION)
        screen.title("Reactor Top Down Reaction Model")
        screen.bgcolor("black")
        screen.tracer(0)

        scaled_width, scaled_height = width // MAGNIFICATION, height // MAGNIFICATION

        self.fuel = [[None for x in range(scaled_width)] for y in range(scaled_height)]
        self.fuel_t = self.newParticle('red', 'square', (0, 0))
        self.spendfuel = spendfuel

        self.neutrons = []

        self.setup(percent_fuel, scaled_width, scaled_height, startNeut)

        screen.update()

        for _ in range(iterations):
            self.react(scaled_width, scaled_height)
            if not self.neutrons:
                break
            screen.update()

        screen.exitonclick()

    def setup(self, percent_fuel, x_length, y_length, neutronsNum):

        for row in range(x_length):
            for column in range(y_length):
                if percent_fuel > randint(0, 100):
                    self.fuel_t.goto(row, column)
                    self.fuel[row][column] = self.fuel_t.stamp()

        self.fuel_t.color('sienna')  # spent fuel color

        for _ in range(neutronsNum):
            neutron = self.newParticle('yellow', 'circle', (randint(0, x_length), randint(0, y_length)))
            neutron.setheading(neutron.towards((0, 0)))
            self.neutrons.append(neutron)

    def react(self, x_length, y_length):

        neutrons = self.neutrons[:]

        for neutron in neutrons:
            x_pos, y_pos = neutron.position()

            if 0 <= x_pos < x_length and 0 <= y_pos < y_length:

                x_int, y_int = int(x_pos), int(y_pos)

                if self.fuel[x_int][y_int]:
                    self.fission(neutron, x_int, y_int)

                neutron.forward(1)
            else:
                self.neutrons.remove(neutron)
                neutron.hideturtle()

    def fission(self, neutron, x, y):

        if self.spendfuel:
            self.fuel_t.clearstamp(self.fuel[x][y])
            self.fuel_t.goto(x, y)
            self.fuel_t.stamp()
            self.fuel[x][y] = None

        neutron.right(randint(0, 360))
        new_neutron = neutron.clone()
        new_neutron.right(randint(0, 360))
        self.neutrons.append(new_neutron)

    @staticmethod
    def newParticle(color, shape, position):

        particle = Turtle(shape, visible=False)
        particle.shapesize(MAGNIFICATION / CURSOR_SIZE, outline=0)
        particle.speed('fastest')
        particle.color(color)

        particle.penup()
        particle.goto(position)
        particle.showturtle()

        return particle

if __name__ == "__main__":

    g = Reactor(True, [400, 400], 1, 400, 5)

为了速度和风格，我对您的代码进行了许多其他修改。我还正式确定了您的放大倍率，这在您的原始代码中有些随意。