MySQL 调谐器 : High ratio of temporary tables created on disk - Website Slow response

Question

我正在为一个带有 joomla CMS 的网站使用波纹管规范的专用服务器，该网站是基于新闻/博客的网站:Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5-2670 v2 @ 2.50GHz10 个内核，20 个线程内存:60GBSSD:250(操作系统和我认为是数据库)硬盘:2TB

PHP 7.3

MySQL 5.7

网站加载时间很慢，我优化了页面，但服务器响应时间很慢，所以我只安装了 Mysql-Tunner 来检查数据库状态。我只是查看报告，但我不知道是好事还是坏事。需要您宝贵的详细指南。

 >>  MySQLTuner 1.7.15 - Major Hayden <major@mhtx.net>
 >>  Bug reports, feature requests, and downloads at http://mysqltuner.com/
 >>  Run with '--help' for additional options and output filtering
[--] Skipped version check for MySQLTuner script
[OK] Currently running supported MySQL version 5.7.27
[OK] Operating on 64-bit architecture

-------- Log file Recommendations ------------------------------------------------------------------
[--] Log file: /var/log/mysqld.log(2M)
[OK] Log file /var/log/mysqld.log exists
[OK] Log file /var/log/mysqld.log is readable.
[OK] Log file /var/log/mysqld.log is not empty
[OK] Log file /var/log/mysqld.log is smaller than 32 Mb
[!!] /var/log/mysqld.log contains 2231 warning(s).
[!!] /var/log/mysqld.log contains 5891 error(s).

-------- Storage Engine Statistics -----------------------------------------------------------------
[--] Status: +ARCHIVE +BLACKHOLE +CSV -FEDERATED +InnoDB +MEMORY +MRG_MYISAM +MyISAM +PERFORMANCE_SCHEMA 
[--] Data in MyISAM tables: 431.8K (Tables: 60)
[--] Data in InnoDB tables: 1.4G (Tables: 363)
[--] Data in MEMORY tables: 0B (Tables: 8)
[OK] Total fragmented tables: 0

-------- Analysis Performance Metrics --------------------------------------------------------------
[--] innodb_stats_on_metadata: OFF
[OK] No stat updates during querying INFORMATION_SCHEMA.

-------- CVE Security Recommendations --------------------------------------------------------------
[OK] NO SECURITY CVE FOUND FOR YOUR VERSION

-------- Performance Metrics     -----------------------------------------------------------------------
[--] Up for: 12d 2h 14m 35s (153M q [146.876 qps], 4M conn, TX: 1441G, RX: 39G)
[--] Reads / Writes: 92% / 8%
[--] Binary logging is disabled
[--] Physical Memory     : 55.5G
[--] Max MySQL memory    : 8.2G
[--] Other process memory: 0B
[--] Total buffers: 8.1G global + 1.1M per thread (80 max threads)
[--] P_S Max memory usage: 0B
[--] Galera GCache Max memory usage: 0B
[OK] Maximum reached memory usage: 8.1G (14.59% of installed RAM)
[OK] Maximum possible memory usage: 8.2G (14.73% of installed RAM)
[OK] Overall possible memory usage with other process is compatible with memory available
[OK] Slow queries: 0% (0/153M)
[OK] Highest usage of available connections: 12% (10/80)
[OK] Aborted connections: 0.08%  (3729/4397307)
[!!] Query cache may be disabled by default due to mutex contention.
[!!] Query cache efficiency: 0.0% (0 cached / 119M selects)
[OK] Query cache prunes per day: 0
[OK] Sorts requiring temporary tables: 0% (23K temp sorts / 25M sorts)
[!!] Joins performed without indexes: 52200
[!!] Temporary tables created on disk: 92% (14M on disk / 15M total)
[OK] Thread cache hit rate: 99% (10 created / 4M connections)
[!!] Table cache hit rate: 1% (1K open / 101K opened)
[OK] Open file limit used: 0% (11/10K)
[OK] Table locks acquired immediately: 100% (107K immediate / 107K locks)

-------- Performance schema ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[--] Performance schema is disabled.
[--] Memory used by P_S: 0B
[--] Sys schema is installed.

-------- ThreadPool Metrics ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[--] ThreadPool stat is disabled.

-------- MyISAM Metrics ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
[!!] Key buffer used: 18.3% (1M used / 8M cache)
[OK] Key buffer size / total MyISAM indexes: 8.0M/221.0K
[OK] Read Key buffer hit rate: 99.2% (61K cached / 507 reads)
[!!] Write Key buffer hit rate: 65.7% (105 cached / 69 writes)

-------- InnoDB Metrics ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
[--] InnoDB is enabled.
[--] InnoDB Thread Concurrency: 0
[OK] InnoDB File per table is activated
[OK] InnoDB buffer pool / data size: 8.0G/1.4G
[!!] Ratio InnoDB log file size / InnoDB Buffer pool size (3.125 %): 128.0M * 2/8.0G should be equal to 25%
[OK] InnoDB buffer pool instances: 8
[--] Number of InnoDB Buffer Pool Chunk : 64 for 8 Buffer Pool Instance(s)
[OK] Innodb_buffer_pool_size aligned with Innodb_buffer_pool_chunk_size & Innodb_buffer_pool_instances
[OK] InnoDB Read buffer efficiency: 100.00% (426722546739 hits/ 426722621278 total)
[!!] InnoDB Write Log efficiency: 80.95% (42826081 hits/ 52905097 total)
[OK] InnoDB log waits: 0.00% (0 waits / 10079016 writes) 

[--] AriaDB is disabled.
[--] TokuDB is disabled.
[--] XtraDB is disabled.
[--] Galera is disabled.

-------- Replication Metrics -----------------------------------------------------------------------
[--] Galera Synchronous replication: NO
[--] No replication slave(s) for this server.
[--] Binlog format: ROW
[--] XA support enabled: ON
[--] Semi synchronous replication Master: Not Activated
[--] Semi synchronous replication Slave: Not Activated
[--] This is a standalone server

-------- Recommendations ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
<b>General recommendations:</b>
Control warning line(s) into /var/log/mysqld.log file
Control error line(s) into /var/log/mysqld.log file
Adjust your join queries to always utilize indexes
When making adjustments, make tmp_table_size/max_heap_table_size equal
Reduce your SELECT DISTINCT queries which have no LIMIT clause
Increase table_open_cache gradually to avoid file descriptor limits
Read this before increasing table_open_cache over 64: 
Read this before increasing for MariaDB https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/optimizing-table_open_cache/
This is MyISAM only table_cache scalability problem, InnoDB not affected.
See more details here: https://bugs.mysql.com/bug.php?id=49177
This bug already fixed in MySQL 5.7.9 and newer MySQL versions.
Beware that open_files_limit (10000) variable 
should be greater than table_open_cache (2000)
Performance schema should be activated for better diagnostics
Before changing innodb_log_file_size and/or innodb_log_files_in_group     read this:  
<b>Variables to adjust:</b>
query_cache_size (=0)
query_cache_type (=0)
query_cache_limit (> 1M, or use smaller result sets)
join_buffer_size (> 256.0K, or always use indexes with JOINs)
tmp_table_size (> 64M)
max_heap_table_size (> 64M)
table_open_cache (> 2000)
performance_schema = ON enable PFS
innodb_log_file_size should be (=1G) if possible, so InnoDB total log files size equals to 25% of buffer pool size.

和 my.cnf :

datadir=/var/lib/mysql
socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock
symbolic-links=0
log-error=/var/log/mysqld.log
pid-file=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid  
open_files_limit=10000
default-storage-engine=InnoDB
innodb_file_per_table=1                                                        
max_allowed_packet=268435456
wait_timeout = 18
interactive_timeout=18
thread_cache_size=10
skip-name-resolve=1
tmp_table_size=64M
max_heap_table_size=64M
innodb_buffer_pool_size=8G
innodb_flush_method            = O_DIRECT
innodb_log_files_in_group      = 2
innodb_log_file_size           = 128M
innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit = 1

Answer 1

关于 my.cnf [mysqld] 部分的建议

tmp_table_size=256M  # from 64M to expand capacity
max_heap_table_size=256M  # to expand and reduce created_tmp_disk_tables
innodb_flushing_avg_loops=5  # from 30 to reduce innodb_buffer_pool_pages_dirty
innodb_io_capacity=1900  # from 200 to enable additional SSD IOPS
innodb_buffer_pool_size=16G  # from 8G to expand capacity
innodb_change_buffer_max_size=50  # from 25 percent to accommodate adding ROWS frequently

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