c - 为什么编译器在堆栈中分配的内存多于所需的内存？

Question

我有一个简单的 C 程序。比方说，我有一个 int 和一个长度为 20 的 char 数组。我总共需要 24 个字节。

int main()
{
   char buffer[20];
   int x = 0;
   buffer[0] = 'a';
   buffer[19] = 'a';
}

堆栈需要与 16 字节边界对齐，因此我推测编译器将保留 32 字节。但是当我用 gcc x86-64 编译这样的程序并读取输出程序集时，编译器保留了 64 个字节。

..\gcc -S -o main.s main.c

给我:

    .file   "main.c"
    .def    __main; .scl    2;  .type   32; .endef
    .text
    .globl  main
    .def    main;   .scl    2;  .type   32; .endef
    .seh_proc   main
main:
    pushq   %rbp                        # RBP is pushed, so no need to reserve more for it
    .seh_pushreg    %rbp
    movq    %rsp, %rbp
    .seh_setframe   %rbp, 0
    subq    $64, %rsp                   # Reserving the 64 bytes
    .seh_stackalloc 64
    .seh_endprologue
    call    __main
    movl    $0, -4(%rbp)                # Using the first 4 bytes to store the int
    movb    $97, -32(%rbp)              # Using from RBP-32 
    movb    $97, -13(%rbp)              # to RBP-13 to store the char array
    movl    $0, %eax
    addq    $64, %rsp                   # Restoring the stack with the last 32 bytes unused
    popq    %rbp
    ret
    .seh_endproc
    .ident  "GCC: (x86_64-posix-seh-rev0, Built by MinGW-W64 project) 5.2.0"

这是为什么呢？当我编写汇编程序时，我总是只保留我需要的最小内存，没有任何问题。这是编译器的限制，无法评估所需的内存，还是有原因？

这是 gcc -v

Using built-in specs.
COLLECT_GCC=gcc
COLLECT_LTO_WRAPPER=D:/Mingw64/bin/../libexec/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/5.2.0/lto-wrapper.exe
Target: x86_64-w64-mingw32
Configured with: ../../../src/gcc-5.2.0/configure --host=x86_64-w64-mingw32 --build=x86_64-w64-mingw32 --target=x86_64-w64-mingw32 --prefix=/mingw64 --with-sysroot=/c/mingw520/x86_64-520-posix-seh-rt_v4-rev0/mingw64 --with-gxx-include-dir=/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/c++ --enable-shared --enable-static --disable-multilib --enable-languages=c,c++,fortran,objc,obj-c++,lto --enable-libstdcxx-time=yes --enable-threads=posix --enable-libgomp --enable-libatomic --enable-lto --enable-graphite --enable-checking=release --enable-fully-dynamic-string --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs --disable-isl-version-check --disable-libstdcxx-pch --disable-libstdcxx-debug --enable-bootstrap --disable-rpath --disable-win32-registry --disable-nls --disable-werror --disable-symvers --with-gnu-as --with-gnu-ld --with-arch=nocona --with-tune=core2 --with-libiconv --with-system-zlib --with-gmp=/c/mingw520/prerequisites/x86_64-w64-mingw32-static --with-mpfr=/c/mingw520/prerequisites/x86_64-w64-mingw32-static --with-mpc=/c/mingw520/prerequisites/x86_64-w64-mingw32-static --with-isl=/c/mingw520/prerequisites/x86_64-w64-mingw32-static --with-pkgversion='x86_64-posix-seh-rev0, Built by MinGW-W64 project' --with-bugurl=http://sourceforge.net/projects/mingw-w64 CFLAGS='-O2 -pipe -I/c/mingw520/x86_64-520-posix-seh-rt_v4-rev0/mingw64/opt/include -I/c/mingw520/prerequisites/x86_64-zlib-static/include -I/c/mingw520/prerequisites/x86_64-w64-mingw32-static/include' CXXFLAGS='-O2 -pipe -I/c/mingw520/x86_64-520-posix-seh-rt_v4-rev0/mingw64/opt/include -I/c/mingw520/prerequisites/x86_64-zlib-static/include -I/c/mingw520/prerequisites/x86_64-w64-mingw32-static/include' CPPFLAGS= LDFLAGS='-pipe -L/c/mingw520/x86_64-520-posix-seh-rt_v4-rev0/mingw64/opt/lib -L/c/mingw520/prerequisites/x86_64-zlib-static/lib -L/c/mingw520/prerequisites/x86_64-w64-mingw32-static/lib '
Thread model: posix
gcc version 5.2.0 (x86_64-posix-seh-rev0, Built by MinGW-W64 project) 

Answer 1

编译器确实可以为自己保留额外的内存。

Gcc 有一个标志 -mpreferred-stack-boundary，用于设置它将保持的对齐方式。根据the documentation ，默认值为 4，这应该产生 16 字节对齐，这是 SSE 指令所需的。

如VermillionAzure noted in a comment ，您应该提供您的 gcc 版本和编译时选项(使用 gcc -v 显示这些)。