c - 在迷你 shell 中使用管道系统调用

Question

虽然我的程序在所有情况下都能正常工作，但当两个命令中的第一个命令的输出由管道符号分隔时，它不使用管道将它们连接到第二个命令。我将第一个命令的输出写入一个文件，然后在运行该命令的进程运行时将第二个命令的标准输入重定向到该文件。我需要使用管道系统调用来创建管道并获取文件描述符对于管道，然后同时运行两个进程。这是一个家庭作业问题，我已经完成了 99% 的工作，但不知何故无法让管道系统调用工作......我一直在尝试的是对于这样的输入: Command 1 |命令2在命令 2 的子进程中，我关闭 FD[0]，然后 dup FD[1]，对于命令 1，我关闭 FD[1]，然后 dup FD[1] 并关闭 FD[0]。

使用管道时我对文件描述符感到非常困惑......我必须使用管道

感谢任何形式的帮助。执行函数是我 fork 进程的地方。

这是我的代码...

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <regex.h>

/* Global Variables */
extern char **environ;       /* Environmental Variables */
char *pathList[10];          /* List of paths from the $PATH */
int pathCount;           /* Count of the # of paths in $PATH */
char *pathSet;           /* Variable through which $PATH is retrieved */
int hasPipe = 0;
int cmdNo = 0;


/* This function takes the 'finalPath', the full path to executable,argList[],the
   full command-line input arguments and argCount, the number of arguments from
   command-line as input. It the creates a child process, in turn invokes the
   execve() that finally executes the executable in 'finalPath' with the arguments
   in 'argText' all stored into the args[] appropriately. Child process also handles
   input and output file re-direction.
   */


void execute(char *finalPath, char *argList[], int argCount)
{
    int k,fd,ofound,pos,i;          /* flags and temporary variables */
    pid_t pid;                  /* process ID */
    int status, which;
    char msg[100];
    char *args[4];                  /* argument list for execve() */
    int spCase = 0;
    ofound = 0;
    pos=0;
    pid = fork();                   /* Creating a new process using fork() */
    if (pid == -1)                  /* Checking for errors in process creation */
    {
        write(1,"Fork failed.\n",12);
        exit(1);
    }

    /************************** 
      Checking for parent process
     ***************************/
    if (pid != 0)
    {
        which = wait(&status);
        if (which == -1)
        {
            write(1,"Wait failed.\n",12);
            exit(1);
        }
        if (status & 0xff)
        {   /* Case of abnormal termination */
            sprintf(msg,"ERROR: <dShell> #  process %d terminated abnormally for reason %d\n",which, status & 0xff);
            write(1,msg,strlen(msg));
        }
        else
        {   /* Case of normal termination */
            sprintf(msg,"process %d terminated normally with status %d\n",which, (status >> 8) & 0xff);
            write(1,msg,strlen(msg));
        }

    }

    /************************* 
      Checking for child process 
     **************************/
    if (pid == 0)
    {
        char argText[50];
        argText[0] = '\0';
        int std_fd;
        if(cmdNo==0 && hasPipe)
        {
            close(1);
            std_fd = open("temp.out", O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC, S_IRWXU);
            dup(std_fd);
        }
        else if(cmdNo==1 && hasPipe)
        {
            close(0);
            std_fd = open("temp.out", O_RDONLY);
            dup(std_fd);
        }

        /* Finding the first re-direction operator */
        for( i = 0; i < argCount ; ++i)
        {
            if( ofound != 1 && ofound != 2)
            {
                if( strcmp(argList[i],"<") == 0 )
                {
                    fd = open(argList[i+1],O_RDONLY);
                    if (fd < 0)
                    {
                        sprintf(msg,"ERROR: %s could not be opened\n", argList[i+1]);
                        write(1, msg, strlen(msg));
                        exit(5);
                    }
                    ofound = 1;
                    strcpy(argText,"\0");
                    close(0);
                    dup(fd);
                    close(fd);
                }
                else if(strcmp(argList[i],">") == 0)
                {
                    fd = open(argList[i+1],O_CREAT | O_WRONLY, 0777);
                    pos = i;
                    ofound = 2;
                    strcpy(argText,"\0");
                    if (fd < 0)
                    {
                        sprintf(msg,"ERROR: %s could not be opened\n", argList[i+1]);
                        write(1, msg, strlen(msg));
                        exit(5);
                    }
                    close(1);
                    dup(fd);
                    close(fd);
                }
            }

        }

        /* If input re-direction operator is found check for an output re-direction along with it */
        if(ofound == 1)
        {
            for( k = 0; k < argCount && ofound != 2; ++k)
            {
                if( strcmp(argList[k],">") == 0 )
                {
                    fd = open(argList[k+1],O_CREAT | O_WRONLY , 0777);
                    spCase = 1;
                    ofound = 2;
                    strcpy(argText,"\0");
                    if (fd < 0)
                    {
                        sprintf(msg,"ERROR: %s could not be opened\n", argList[k+1]);
                        write(1, msg, strlen(msg));
                        exit(5);
                    }
                    close(1);
                    dup(fd);
                    close(fd);
                }
            }
        }
        /* If the re-direction operators are not found */
        if( ofound == 0 )
        {
            for(i = 1; i < argCount; ++i)

            {
                strcat(argText, argList[i]);
                strcat(argText, " ");
            }
            spCase = 2;

        }

        /* Case when both arguments and output re-direction operators are found */
        if (spCase == 0)
        {
            if(pos == 0)
            {
                for( i = 3; i<argCount; ++i)
                {
                    strcat(argText, argList[i]);
                    strcat(argText," ");
                }
            }
            if(pos == argCount - 2)
            {
                for( i = 1; i<argCount - 2; ++i)
                {
                    strcat(argText, argList[i]);
                    strcat(argText," ");
                }
            }

        }

        argText[strlen(argText)-1] = '\0'; /*because I added an extra space so trimming that*/
        /* Running the execve */
        args[0] = finalPath;
        if(strlen(argText) == 0)  /* checking if argText is populated */
        {
            args[1] = NULL;
        }
        else
        {
            args[1] = argText;
            args[2] = NULL;
        }

        /* Execute command,if it returns that means it failed and need to display error and exit */
        execve(args[0], args, environ);
        sprintf(msg, "ERROR! execve() failed");
        write(1, msg, strlen(msg));
    }

}



/*******************************************************************************
  This function checks if the path is accessible and continues to execute the
  command. If the path does not exist of is not accessible, variable 'retFlag'
  is used to return 0 to the calling function.
 ********************************************************************************/

int checkPath(char *exepath, char *argList[], int argCount, int flag)
{
    char *finalPath;
    int retFlag = flag;
    if(access(exepath,X_OK) == 0)
    {
        finalPath = exepath;
        retFlag = 1;
        execute(finalPath,argList,argCount);
        return retFlag;

    }
    else
        return retFlag;
}



/**********************************************************************************
  This function checks if the first argument is a path and if so calls checkPath(). 
  Else it gets the paths set to the $PATH variable, tokenizes it, pads it with the
  first token of input command and calls checkPath(). If the correct path is established,
  the variable 'found' is used to kick out of the for loop.
 ************************************************************************************/

void setPath(char *argList[], int argCount)
{
    char *exepath;
    char com[50];
    char emsg[80];
    char *command;
    int i,found = 0;

    /* Seperating the command if redirection is used */
    if( strcmp(argList[0],"<") == 0 || strcmp(argList[0],">") == 0 )
    {
        command = argList[2];
    }
    else
        command = argList[0];

    /* In case of no redirection, storing the commands and arguments into a array */
    if(strcmp(command,"#") == 0) /* Checking for comment statements */
    {
        write(1,"ERROR: No command(s) found. Only comment present/n",48);
    }
    else
    {
        if(strstr(command,"/"))          /* Checking if the entire path is given as a part of the command */
        {
            exepath = command;
            found = checkPath(exepath,argList,argCount,0);
        }
        else                     /* building the path and storing it in 'com' */
        {
            for(i = 0; i< pathCount && found != 1; i++)
            {
                sprintf(com,"%s%s%s",pathList[i],"/",command);
                exepath = com;
                found = checkPath(exepath,argList,argCount,0);
            }
        }
        if(found == 0)
        {
            sprintf(emsg,"%s%s",command,":COMMAND DOES NOT EXIST");
            write(1,emsg,sizeof(emsg));
            write(1,"\n",1);
        }
    }
}

/* Tokenizes commands into words */
void tokens(char *cmdStr)
{
    char cmd[100];
    strcpy(cmd,cmdStr);
    char *result;
    char delims[] = " ,     ";
    char *argList[20];
    int argCount = 0;

    /*Tokenize the individual command into strings */
    result = strtok(cmd,delims);
    while( result != NULL )
    {
        argList[argCount] = result;
        result = strtok( NULL, delims );
        ++argCount;
    }
    setPath(argList,argCount);

}


/* Tokenizes multiple commands into single commands */
void tokenize(char *inputStr)
{
    int i,cmdCount = 0;
    char *cmdResult;
    char *cmdStr[100];
    char delimiters[] = "|";
    cmdResult = strtok(inputStr, delimiters);

    while(cmdResult != NULL)
    {
        cmdStr[cmdCount]=cmdResult;
        cmdResult = strtok(NULL, delimiters);
        cmdCount++;
    }

    if( cmdCount > 1 )    
        hasPipe = 1;
    else 
        hasPipe = 0;

    for( i=0; i<cmdCount ; i++)
    {
        cmdNo = i%cmdCount;
        tokens(cmdStr[i]);
    }
}


int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    char prompt[8];         /* String that stores the personalized prompt */
    char *path;             /* Temporary variable used for tokenization*/
    char ch;            /* Temporary variable used in read() */
    int chCount;            /* # of characters read from the prompt */
    int entry;          /* return variable of read() */
    int flag;           /* Flag to go read the next command when newline is found */
    regex_t reIgnore;
    char pattern[20]="^\\s*$|^#.*";

    /* Tokenizing the paths asociated with the $PATH and storing them in a array declared globally */

    pathCount = 0;
    pathSet = getenv("PATH");
    if ( !pathSet)
    {
        write(1, "ERROR: PATH environment does not exist.\n", 40);
        exit(1);
    }
    path = strtok(pathSet,":");
    while(path != NULL)
    {
        pathList[pathCount] = path;
        path = strtok(NULL,":");
        ++pathCount;
    }

    /* Checks for blanks and tabs in Step 2 */
    if ( regcomp(&reIgnore, pattern, REG_EXTENDED) )
    {
        write(1, "Error. \n",9);
        exit(2);
    }

    sprintf(prompt,"<dShell> # ");          /* Storing the personalized shell prompt into 'prompt' */


    /* Reading the input from command line and passing it to tokenize() */
    while(1)
    {
        char inputStr[100];             /* String into which inputs are read into */
        chCount = 0;
        flag = 0;
        hasPipe = 1;

        write(1,prompt,strlen(prompt));     /* Printing out the personalized shell prompt */

        /* This will read a character 1 by 1 until it reaches the end of file */
        entry = read(0,&ch,1);
        if(!entry)
            exit(0);

        /* Reading the input and storing it in inputStr as long as newline is not encountered */
        while( entry != 0 && flag == 0 )
        {
            /* A newline has been found so a new command will need to be executed  */
            /* The inputStr till this point is sent to tokenize() */
            if( ch == '\n' )
            {
                inputStr[chCount] = '\0';
                flag = 1;
                if(chCount > 0) {
                    if(strcmp(inputStr,"exit") == 0)
                        exit(3);
                    else 
                        tokenize(inputStr);
                }
            }

            inputStr[chCount] = ch;
            chCount++;
            if(flag == 0)
                entry = read( 0, &ch, 1 );

        }
    }
}

Answer 1

请参阅 pipeline(2) 的手册页。它有这个例子:

   #include <sys/wait.h>
   #include <assert.h>
   #include <stdio.h>
   #include <stdlib.h>
   #include <unistd.h>
   #include <string.h>

   int
   main(int argc, char *argv[])
   {
       int pipefd[2];
       pid_t cpid;
       char buf;

       assert(argc == 2);

       if (pipe(pipefd) == -1) {
           perror("pipe");
           exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
       }

       cpid = fork();
       if (cpid == -1) {
           perror("fork");
           exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
       }

       if (cpid == 0) {    /* Child reads from pipe */
           close(pipefd[1]);          /* Close unused write end */

           while (read(pipefd[0], &buf, 1) > 0)
               write(STDOUT_FILENO, &buf, 1);

           write(STDOUT_FILENO, "\n", 1);
           close(pipefd[0]);
           _exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);

       } else {            /* Parent writes argv[1] to pipe */
           close(pipefd[0]);          /* Close unused read end */
           write(pipefd[1], argv[1], strlen(argv[1]));
           close(pipefd[1]);          /* Reader will see EOF */
           wait(NULL);                /* Wait for child */
           exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
       }
   }