立方体面在窗口中未正确渲染

Question

我正在尝试制作一个简单的程序，围绕窗口旋转立方体。当我运行它时，看起来立方体的面一开始是以正确的顺序渲染的，但是一旦它们旋转到后面，它们就会从前面显示出来，而不是其他的。我正在使用 glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST)、glenable(GL_CULL_FACE) 和 glcullface(GL_BACK)，我认为它们可以处理深度测试，但它仍然不起作用。这是我的脚本，`

int windowwidth = 1920;
int windowheight = 1080;
GLfloat aspectratio = 16 / 9.0;
double horizontalposition = 0;
double verticalposition = 0;
double depthposition = 0;

GLfloat projTop = 1;
GLfloat projBottom = 0;
GLfloat floatOne = 1.0;
GLfloat oneFourth = 1.0 / 4;
GLfloat projLeft = 0;
GLfloat projRight = 1;
GLfloat zNear = .1;
GLfloat zFar = 1;
GLfloat zRange = zNear - zFar;
GLuint puddletexture;
GLuint sampler = 0;
GLuint samplerUniform;
GLuint shaderProgram;
GLuint textureunit = 0;
GLuint positionUniform, colourUniform,  rotationViewUniform, projectionUniform,translationUniform, rotationUniform, timeUniform, transformUniform;
GLuint colourAttribute,secondColourAttribute, positionAttribute, textureAttribute, indexAttribute;
GLuint vertexArrayObject,
vertexBuffer;
GLuint vao, vbo[3];
GLuint triangleVao, triangleVbo[2];
GLuint elementbuffer;
GLuint triangleArrayObject, triangleVertexBuffer;

GLfloat diamond[] = {
    -1,  1,  1, // vertex[0]
    1,  1,  1, // vertex[1]
    1, -1,  1, // vertex[2]
    -1, -1,  1, // vertex[3]
    -1,  1, -1, // vertex[4]
    1,  1, -1, // vertex[5]
    1, -1, -1, // vertex[6]
    -1, -1, -1, // vertex[7]
};

GLuint cubeindicies[] = {
    0, 1, 2, 2, 3, 0, // front face
    3, 2, 6, 6, 7, 3, // top face
    7, 6, 5, 5, 4, 7, // back face
    4, 0, 3, 3, 7, 4, // left face
    0, 1, 5, 5, 4, 0, // bottom face
    1, 5, 6, 6, 2, 1,
};


GLfloat colors[4][4] = {
    { 1.0,  0.0,  0.0, 0.0}, /* Red */
    { 1.0,  1.0,  0.0, 0.0}, /* Green */
    { 0.0,  0.0,  1.0, 0.0}, /* Blue */
    { 1.0,  1.0,  1.0, 0.0},

};

GLfloat picturetexturecoordinates[] = {
    0,1,0,
    0,0,0,
    1,0,0,
    1,1,0,
};



GLuint loadTexture(Image* image) {
    GLuint textureId;
    glGenTextures(1, &textureId); //Make room for our texture
    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textureId); //Tell OpenGL which texture to edit
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT);
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT);
    glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D,                //Always GL_TEXTURE_2D
        0,                            //0 for now
        GL_RGB,                       //Format OpenGL uses for image
        image->width, image->height,  //Width and height
        0,                            //The border of the image
        GL_RGB, //GL_RGB, because pixels are stored in RGB format
        GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, //GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, because pixels are stored
                          //as unsigned numbers
        image->pixels);               //The actual pixel data
    return textureId; //Returns the id of the texture
}

void reshape(int w, int h) {
    glViewport(0, 0, w, h);
    gluPerspective(45.0f, (float)w / (float)h, 1.0f, 100.0f);

    windowwidth = glutGet(GLUT_WINDOW_WIDTH);
    windowheight = glutGet(GLUT_WINDOW_HEIGHT);
    aspectratio = (double)windowwidth / windowheight;
}

void animate() {
    glutPostRedisplay();
}

void visible(int vis) {
    if (vis == GLUT_VISIBLE)
        glutIdleFunc(animate);
    else
        glutIdleFunc(0);
}

void loadShader();
void display();


void loadShader() {
    shaderProgram = InitShader("beelsebob.vert", "beelsebob.frag", "fragColour");
    positionUniform = glGetUniformLocation(shaderProgram, "p");
    if (positionUniform < 0) {
        std::cerr << "Shader did not contain the 'p' uniform" << std::endl;
    }
    colourUniform = glGetUniformLocation(shaderProgram, "c");
    if (colourUniform < 0) {
        std::cerr << "Shader did not contain the 'c' uniform" << std::endl;
    }
    timeUniform = glGetUniformLocation(shaderProgram, "timer");
    if (timeUniform < 0) {
        std::cerr << "Shader did not contain the 'timer' uniform" << std::endl;
    }
    samplerUniform = glGetUniformLocation(shaderProgram, "textSampler");
    if (samplerUniform < 0) {
        std::cerr << "Shader did not contain the 'textSampler' uniform" << std::endl;
    }
    projectionUniform = glGetUniformLocation(shaderProgram, "projectionMatrix");
    if (projectionUniform < 0) {
        std::cerr << "Shader did not contain the 'projectMatrix' uniform" << std::endl;
    }
    rotationViewUniform = glGetUniformLocation(shaderProgram, "rotationViewMatrix");
    if (rotationViewUniform < 0) {
        std::cerr << "Shader did not contain the 'rotationViewMatrix' uniform" << std::endl;
    }
    transformUniform = glGetUniformLocation(shaderProgram, "transformMatrix");
    if (transformUniform < 0) {
        std::cerr << "Shader did not contain the 'transformMatrix' uniform" << std::endl;
    } 
    translationUniform = glGetUniformLocation(shaderProgram, "translationMatrix");
    if (translationUniform < 0) {
        std::cerr << "Shader did not contain the 'translationMatrix' uniform" << std::endl;
    }
    translationUniform = glGetUniformLocation(shaderProgram, "translationMatrix");
    if (translationUniform < 0) {
        std::cerr << "Shader did not contain the 'translationMatrix' uniform" << std::endl;
    }
    colourAttribute = glGetAttribLocation(shaderProgram, "colour");
    if (colourAttribute < 0) {
        std::cerr << "Shader did not contain the 'colour' attribute." << std::endl;
    }
    secondColourAttribute = glGetAttribLocation(shaderProgram, "secondColour");
    if (secondColourAttribute < 0) {
        std::cerr << "Shader did not contain the 'secondColour' attribute." << std::endl;
    }
    positionAttribute = glGetAttribLocation(shaderProgram, "position");
    if (positionAttribute < 0) {
        std::cerr << "Shader did not contain the 'position' attribute." << std::endl;
    }
    textureAttribute = glGetAttribLocation(shaderProgram, "textcoord");
    if (textureAttribute < 0) {
        std::cerr << "Shader did not contain the 'textcoord' attribute." << std::endl;
    }

}


void display() {
    glClearColor(0.0, 0.0, .2, 1.0);
    glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
    glEnable(GLUT_MULTISAMPLE);
    glLoadIdentity();
    const float timeScale = 0.0008f;

    glUseProgram(shaderProgram);
    GLfloat timeValue = glutGet(GLUT_ELAPSED_TIME)*timeScale;
    vec3 p3(.5f*sin(timeValue)  ,0  , 0.5f*cosf(timeValue));
    //vec4 c4(.5f*sinf(timeValue), .1f*sinf(timeValue), 9*cosf(timeValue), 1.0);
    vec4 c4(.7f, .5f, 0.01, 0.0);
    mat4 rotationMat(
    { cos(timeValue), sin(timeValue), 0,0 },

    { 0,1,0,0 },
    { -sin(timeValue), cos(timeValue), 1,0 },
    { 0,0,0,1 }
    );
    mat4 transMat(
    {1,0,0,0},
    {0,1,0,0},
    {0,0,(GLfloat)(windowheight*1.0/windowwidth),0},
    {0,0,0,1}
    );
    mat4 projMat(
    {zFar/aspectratio, 0, 0, 0 },
    { 0, zFar, 0, 0 },
    { 0,0, (zFar+zNear)/(zNear-zFar), (2*zFar*zNear)/(zNear-zFar) },
    { 0,0,0,1}
    );

    mat4 completeTransformMatrix = projMat*transMat*rotationMat;
    glUniformMatrix4fv(projectionUniform, 1, GL_FALSE, projMat);
    glUniformMatrix4fv(rotationViewUniform, 1, GL_FALSE, rotationMat);
    glUniformMatrix4fv(translationUniform, 1, GL_FALSE, transMat);
    glUniformMatrix4fv(transformUniform, 1, GL_FALSE, completeTransformMatrix);
    glUniform3fv(positionUniform,1,(const GLfloat*)&p3);
    glUniform4fv(colourUniform, 1, (const GLfloat*)&c4);
    glUniform1i(samplerUniform, 0);
    glUniform1fv(timeUniform, 1, (const GLfloat*)&timeValue);
    glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, squareTexture);
    glGenSamplers(1, &sampler);
    glSamplerParameteri(sampler, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
    glSamplerParameteri(sampler, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
    glBindSampler(0, sampler);
    glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo[3]);
    glBindVertexArray(vao);
    glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, sizeof(cubeindicies)/sizeof(GLuint), GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0);
    glBindVertexArray(0);
    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0);
    glUseProgram(0);
    glutSwapBuffers();

}


double r = 0;
void loadBufferData() {
    glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
    glEnable(GL_CULL_FACE);
    glCullFace(GL_BACK);
    glEnable(GL_LIGHTING);
    glEnable(GL_LIGHT0);
    glEnable(GL_NORMALIZE);
    glEnable(GL_COLOR_MATERIAL);
    glEnable(GLUT_MULTISAMPLE);
    glEnable(GL_PERSPECTIVE_CORRECTION_HINT);
    Image* squareImage = loadBMP("puddletexture.bmp");
    squareTexture = loadTexture(squareImage);
    delete squareImage;

    glGenVertexArrays(1, &vao);
    glBindVertexArray(vao);
    glGenBuffers(4, vbo);

    glEnableVertexAttribArray(positionAttribute);
    glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo[0]);
    glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(diamond), diamond, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
    glVertexAttribPointer(positionAttribute, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, 0);

    glEnableVertexAttribArray(colourAttribute);
    glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo[1]);
    glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(colors), colors, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
    glVertexAttribPointer(colourAttribute, 4, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, 0);

    glEnableVertexAttribArray(textureAttribute);
    glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo[2]);
    glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(picturetexturecoordinates), picturetexturecoordinates, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
    glVertexAttribPointer(textureAttribute, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, 0);

    glEnableVertexAttribArray(indexAttribute);
    glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo[3]);
    glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(cubeindicies), cubeindicies, GL_STATIC_DRAW);

}


int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
    glutInit(&argc, argv);

    glutInitContextVersion(3, 2);
    glutInitContextProfile(GLUT_CORE_PROFILE);
    glutSetOption(
        GLUT_ACTION_ON_WINDOW_CLOSE,
        GLUT_ACTION_GLUTMAINLOOP_RETURNS
    );
    glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_DOUBLE | GLUT_RGBA | GLUT_DEPTH | GLUT_MULTISAMPLE);
    glutCreateWindow("02561");
    glutDisplayFunc(display);
    glutReshapeFunc(reshape);
    glutVisibilityFunc(visible);
    glutIdleFunc(animate);
    glutReshapeWindow(600, 400);

    glewExperimental = GL_TRUE;
    GLint GlewInitResult = glewInit();
    if (GlewInitResult != GLEW_OK) {
        printf("ERROR: %s\n", glewGetErrorString(GlewInitResult));
    }

    loadShader();
    loadBufferData();
    glutMainLoop();
}

顶点着色器:

    #version 330

uniform vec3 p;
uniform mat4 transformMatrix;
uniform vec4 c;
in vec4 position;
in vec4 colour;
out vec4 colourV;
in vec4 secondColour;
out vec4 secondColourV;
in vec2 textcoord;
out vec2 textcoordV;


void main (void)
{
    colourV = colour;
    colourV += c;
    textcoordV = textcoord;
    gl_Position = transformMatrix*position + vec4(p, 3.0);
}

和片段着色器:

    #version 330

uniform sampler2D textSampler;
in vec4 colourV;
in vec4 secondColourV;
out vec4 fragColour;
in vec2 textcoordV;
out vec2 fragTexture;
void main(void)
{
    fragColour = colourV*texture(textSampler, textcoordV);
}

这是一张图像，当我运行它时，它在窗口中显示了几个框架，

windowframes所以现在我陷入困境，有人知道可能是什么问题吗？

Answer 1

你所有的矩阵似乎都是错误的。

rotationMat 不是有效的旋转矩阵。它们的共同点是与旋转轴对应的行和列保持不变。 (x 旋转将第一行和第一列设置为 [1,0,0,0]，y 旋转将第二行和第二列设置为 [0,1,0， 0])。在您的矩阵中，第二行和第三列未设置。 Source

transMat 并不是绝对的平移矩阵，尽管用法看起来应该是一个。当前执行沿 z 轴的缩放。

projMat 完全错误。目前，这是某种奇怪的正交投影，但以某种方式根据远平面值投影 x 和 y 轴？如果您想编写透视投影矩阵，那么前两行中的 zFar 应该是 cotan(field_of_view/2) ，第四行应该是 [ 0, 0, -1, 0]。 Source

由于您在编写正确的矩阵方面似乎遇到很多问题，因此我强烈建议您为此使用库(例如 glm )。

此外，您正在设置着色器中不存在的制服(例如 translationMatrix)，您在设置代码中检查这些制服是否存在，然后尝试在 中设置它们>display 无论此检查如何，都会导致 OpenGL 错误(检查 glGetError())。