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c# - 仅在属性存在时绑定(bind)到属性

转载 作者:行者123 更新时间:2023-11-30 12:08:53 24 4
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我有一个使用多个 View 模型对象作为其 DataContext 的 WPF 窗口。该窗口有一个控件,该控件绑定(bind)到仅存在于某些 View 模型对象中的属性。如果它存在(并且仅当它存在),我如何绑定(bind)到该属性。

我知道以下问题/答案:MVVM - hiding a control when bound property is not present .这有效,但给了我一个警告。可以在没有警告的情况下完成吗?

谢谢!

一些示例代码:

Xaml:

<Window x:Class="WpfApplication1.MainWindow"
xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation"
xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"
xmlns:local="clr-namespace:WpfApplication1"
Title="MainWindow" Height="350" Width="525">
<Grid>
<Grid.RowDefinitions>
<RowDefinition Height="40"/>
<RowDefinition Height="Auto"/>
<RowDefinition Height="40"/>
<RowDefinition Height="Auto"/>
</Grid.RowDefinitions>
<ListBox Grid.Row="1" Name="ListView" Margin="25,0,25,0" ItemsSource="{Binding Path=Lst}"
HorizontalContentAlignment="Center" SelectionChanged="Lst_SelectionChanged">
</ListBox>
<local:SubControl Grid.Row="3" x:Name="subControl" DataContext="{Binding Path=SelectedVM}"/>
</Grid>

子控件 Xaml:

<UserControl x:Class="WpfApplication1.SubControl"
xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation"
xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"
xmlns:mc="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/markup-compatibility/2006"
xmlns:d="http://schemas.microsoft.com/expression/blend/2008"
xmlns:local="clr-namespace:WpfApplication1"
mc:Ignorable="d"
d:DesignHeight="200" d:DesignWidth="300">
<Grid>
<Grid.RowDefinitions>
<RowDefinition Height="40"/>
<RowDefinition Height="Auto"/>
<RowDefinition Height="40"/>
<RowDefinition Height="Auto"/>
</Grid.RowDefinitions>
<StackPanel Grid.Row="1" Orientation ="Horizontal" HorizontalAlignment="Center" VerticalAlignment="Center" Margin="0,5,0,5">
<TextBlock Margin="5,0,5,0" Text="{Binding Path=OnOffAlways}"/>
<CheckBox IsChecked="{Binding Path=Always}">
<TextBlock Text="On/Off"/>
</CheckBox>
</StackPanel>
<StackPanel Grid.Row="3" Orientation ="Horizontal" HorizontalAlignment="Center" VerticalAlignment="Center" Margin="0,5,0,5">
<TextBlock Margin="5,0,5,0" Text="{Binding Path=OnOffSometimes}"/>
<CheckBox IsChecked="{Binding Path=Sometimes}">
<TextBlock Text="On/Off"/>
</CheckBox>
</StackPanel>
</Grid>

主窗口代码隐藏:

    public partial class MainWindow : Window
{
ViewModel1 vm1;
ViewModel2 vm2;
MainViewModel mvm;

public MainWindow()
{

InitializeComponent();

vm1 = new ViewModel1();
vm2 = new ViewModel2();
mvm = new MainViewModel();
mvm.SelectedVM = vm1;
DataContext = mvm;
}

private void Lst_SelectionChanged(object sender, SelectionChangedEventArgs e)
{
ListBox lstBx = sender as ListBox;

if (lstBx != null)
{
if (lstBx.SelectedItem.Equals("VM 1"))
mvm.SelectedVM = vm1;
else if (lstBx.SelectedItem.Equals("VM 2"))
mvm.SelectedVM = vm2;
}
}
}

MainViewModel(MainWindow 的 DataContext):

    public class MainViewModel : INotifyPropertyChanged
{
ObservableCollection<string> lst;
ViewModelBase selectedVM;

public event PropertyChangedEventHandler PropertyChanged;

public MainViewModel()
{

Lst = new ObservableCollection<string>();
Lst.Add("VM 1");
Lst.Add("VM 2");
}

public ObservableCollection<string> Lst
{
get { return lst; }
set
{
lst = value;
OnPropertyChanged("Lst");
}
}


public ViewModelBase SelectedVM
{
get { return selectedVM; }
set
{
if (selectedVM != value)
{
selectedVM = value;
OnPropertyChanged("SelectedVM");
}
}
}
protected void OnPropertyChanged(string name)
{
PropertyChangedEventHandler handler = PropertyChanged;
if (handler != null)
{
handler(this, new PropertyChangedEventArgs(name));
}
}
}

ViewModel1(有时带有属性):

    public class ViewModel1 : ViewModelBase, INotifyPropertyChanged
{
private bool _always;
private string _onOffAlways;

private bool _sometimes;
private string _onOffSometimes;

public event PropertyChangedEventHandler PropertyChanged;

public ViewModel1()
{
_always = false;
_onOffAlways = "Always Off";

_sometimes = false;
_onOffSometimes = "Sometimes Off";
}

public bool Always
{
get { return _always; }
set
{
_always = value;
if (_always)
OnOffAlways = "Always On";
else
OnOffAlways = "Always Off";
OnPropertyChanged("Always");
}
}

public string OnOffAlways
{
get { return _onOffAlways; }
set
{
_onOffAlways = value;
OnPropertyChanged("OnOffAlways");
}
}

public bool Sometimes
{
get { return _sometimes; }
set
{
_sometimes = value;
if (_sometimes)
OnOffSometimes = "Sometimes On";
else
OnOffSometimes = "Sometimes Off";
OnPropertyChanged("Sometimes");
}
}

public string OnOffSometimes
{
get { return _onOffSometimes; }
set
{
_onOffSometimes = value;
OnPropertyChanged("OnOffSometimes");
}
}

protected void OnPropertyChanged(string name)
{
PropertyChangedEventHandler handler = PropertyChanged;
if (handler != null)
{
handler(this, new PropertyChangedEventArgs(name));
}
}
}

ViewModel2(没有 Sometimes 属性):

    public class ViewModel2 : ViewModelBase, INotifyPropertyChanged
{
private bool _always;
private string _onOffAlways;

public event PropertyChangedEventHandler PropertyChanged;

public ViewModel2()
{
_always = false;
_onOffAlways = "Always Off";
}

public bool Always
{
get { return _always; }
set
{
_always = value;
if (_always)
OnOffAlways = "Always On";
else
OnOffAlways = "Always Off";
OnPropertyChanged("Always");
}
}

public string OnOffAlways
{
get { return _onOffAlways; }
set
{
_onOffAlways = value;
OnPropertyChanged("OnOffAlways");
}
}

protected void OnPropertyChanged(string name)
{
PropertyChangedEventHandler handler = PropertyChanged;
if (handler != null)
{
handler(this, new PropertyChangedEventArgs(name));
}
}
}

public class AlwaysVisibleConverter : IValueConverter
{
#region Implementation of IValueConverter

public object Convert(object value,
Type targetType, object parameter, CultureInfo culture)
{
return Visibility.Visible;
}

public object ConvertBack(object value, Type targetType,
object parameter, CultureInfo culture)
{
throw new NotImplementedException();
}

#endregion
}

最佳答案

有许多不同的方法可以处理您的场景。对于它的值(value),你已经拥有的解决方案对我来说似乎是合理的。您收到的警告(我假设您是在谈论输出到调试控制台的错误消息)相当无害。它确实暗示潜在的性能问题,因为它表明 WPF 正在从意外情况中恢复。但我希望只有当 View 模型发生变化时才会产生成本,这种变化应该不会太频繁。

另一种选择(恕我直言,首选)是仅使用常用的 WPF 数据模板功能。即,为你期望的每个 View 模型定义一个不同的模板,然后让 WPF 根据当前的 View 模型选择合适的模板。这看起来像这样:

<UserControl x:Class="TestSO46736914MissingProperty.UserControl1"
x:ClassModifier="internal"
xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation"
xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"
xmlns:mc="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/markup-compatibility/2006"
xmlns:d="http://schemas.microsoft.com/expression/blend/2008"
xmlns:l="clr-namespace:TestSO46736914MissingProperty"
mc:Ignorable="d"
Content="{Binding}"
d:DesignHeight="300" d:DesignWidth="300">
<UserControl.Resources>
<DataTemplate DataType="{x:Type l:ViewModel1}">
<Grid>
<Grid.RowDefinitions>
<RowDefinition Height="40"/>
<RowDefinition Height="Auto"/>
<RowDefinition Height="40"/>
<RowDefinition Height="Auto"/>
</Grid.RowDefinitions>
<StackPanel Grid.Row="1" Orientation ="Horizontal" HorizontalAlignment="Center" VerticalAlignment="Center" Margin="0,5,0,5">
<TextBlock Margin="5,0,5,0" Text="{Binding Path=OnOffAlways}"/>
<CheckBox IsChecked="{Binding Path=Always}">
<TextBlock Text="On/Off"/>
</CheckBox>
</StackPanel>
<StackPanel Grid.Row="3" Orientation ="Horizontal" HorizontalAlignment="Center" VerticalAlignment="Center" Margin="0,5,0,5">
<TextBlock Margin="5,0,5,0" Text="{Binding Path=OnOffSometimes}"/>
<CheckBox IsChecked="{Binding Path=Sometimes}">
<TextBlock Text="On/Off"/>
</CheckBox>
</StackPanel>
</Grid>
</DataTemplate>
<DataTemplate DataType="{x:Type l:ViewModel2}">
<Grid>
<Grid.RowDefinitions>
<RowDefinition Height="40"/>
<RowDefinition Height="Auto"/>
</Grid.RowDefinitions>
<StackPanel Grid.Row="1" Orientation ="Horizontal" HorizontalAlignment="Center" VerticalAlignment="Center" Margin="0,5,0,5">
<TextBlock Margin="5,0,5,0" Text="{Binding Path=OnOffAlways}"/>
<CheckBox IsChecked="{Binding Path=Always}">
<TextBlock Text="On/Off"/>
</CheckBox>
</StackPanel>
</Grid>
</DataTemplate>
</UserControl.Resources>
</UserControl>

即只需设置 Content你的UserControl对象到 View 模型对象本身,以便使用适当的模板来显示控件中的数据。不具有该属性的 View 模型对象的模板不引用该属性,因此不会生成警告。

与上述一样,另一个选项也解决了您对显示的警告的担忧,即创建一个“垫片”(又名“适配器”)对象,该对象在未知 View 模型类型和一致的 View 模型类型之间进行调解 UserControl可以使用。例如:

class ViewModelWrapper : NotifyPropertyChangedBase
{
private readonly dynamic _viewModel;

public ViewModelWrapper(object viewModel)
{
_viewModel = viewModel;
HasSometimes = viewModel.GetType().GetProperty("Sometimes") != null;
_viewModel.PropertyChanged += (PropertyChangedEventHandler)_OnPropertyChanged;
}

private void _OnPropertyChanged(object sender, PropertyChangedEventArgs e)
{
_RaisePropertyChanged(e.PropertyName);
}

public bool Always
{
get { return _viewModel.Always; }
set { _viewModel.Always = value; }
}

public string OnOffAlways
{
get { return _viewModel.OnOffAlways; }
set { _viewModel.OnOffAlways = value; }
}

public bool Sometimes
{
get { return HasSometimes ? _viewModel.Sometimes : false; }
set { if (HasSometimes) _viewModel.Sometimes = value; }
}

public string OnOffSometimes
{
get { return HasSometimes ? _viewModel.OnOffSometimes : null; }
set { if (HasSometimes) _viewModel.OnOffSometimes = value; }
}

private bool _hasSometimes;
public bool HasSometimes
{
get { return _hasSometimes; }
private set { _UpdateField(ref _hasSometimes, value); }
}
}

此对象使用 dynamic C# 中的功能访问已知的属性值,并使用构造反射来确定它是否应该尝试访问 Sometimes (和相关的 OnOffSometimes )属性(通过 dynamic 类型的变量访问该属性,当它不存在时会抛出异常)。

它还实现了 HasSometimes属性,以便 View 可以相应地动态调整自身。最后,它还代理底层 PropertyChanged事件,以及委托(delegate)属性本身。

要使用它,需要一些 UserControl 的代码隐藏需要:

partial class UserControl1 : UserControl, INotifyPropertyChanged
{
public ViewModelWrapper ViewModelWrapper { get; private set; }

public UserControl1()
{
DataContextChanged += _OnDataContextChanged;
InitializeComponent();
}

public event PropertyChangedEventHandler PropertyChanged;

private void _OnDataContextChanged(object sender, DependencyPropertyChangedEventArgs e)
{
ViewModelWrapper = new ViewModelWrapper(DataContext);
PropertyChanged?.Invoke(this, new PropertyChangedEventArgs(nameof(ViewModelWrapper)));
}
}

有了这个,XAML 与您最初拥有的大致相同,但样式应用于可选的 StackPanel。具有根据属性是否存在显示或隐藏元素的触发器的元素:

<UserControl x:Class="TestSO46736914MissingProperty.UserControl1"
x:ClassModifier="internal"
xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation"
xmlns:p="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation"
xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"
xmlns:mc="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/markup-compatibility/2006"
xmlns:d="http://schemas.microsoft.com/expression/blend/2008"
xmlns:l="clr-namespace:TestSO46736914MissingProperty"
mc:Ignorable="d"
d:DesignHeight="300" d:DesignWidth="300">
<Grid DataContext="{Binding ViewModelWrapper, RelativeSource={RelativeSource AncestorType=UserControl}}">
<Grid.RowDefinitions>
<RowDefinition Height="40"/>
<RowDefinition Height="Auto"/>
<RowDefinition Height="40"/>
<RowDefinition Height="Auto"/>
</Grid.RowDefinitions>
<StackPanel Grid.Row="1" Orientation ="Horizontal" HorizontalAlignment="Center" VerticalAlignment="Center" Margin="0,5,0,5">
<TextBlock Margin="5,0,5,0" Text="{Binding Path=OnOffAlways}"/>
<CheckBox IsChecked="{Binding Path=Always}">
<TextBlock Text="On/Off"/>
</CheckBox>
</StackPanel>
<StackPanel Grid.Row="3" Orientation ="Horizontal" HorizontalAlignment="Center" VerticalAlignment="Center" Margin="0,5,0,5">
<StackPanel.Style>
<p:Style TargetType="StackPanel">
<p:Style.Triggers>
<DataTrigger Binding="{Binding HasSometimes}" Value="False">
<Setter Property="Visibility" Value="Collapsed"/>
</DataTrigger>
</p:Style.Triggers>
</p:Style>
</StackPanel.Style>
<TextBlock Margin="5,0,5,0" Text="{Binding Path=OnOffSometimes}"/>
<CheckBox IsChecked="{Binding Path=Sometimes}">
<TextBlock Text="On/Off"/>
</CheckBox>
</StackPanel>
</Grid>
</UserControl>

注意顶层Grid元素的 DataContext设置为 UserControlViewModelWrapper属性,以便包含的元素使用该对象而不是父代码分配的 View 模型。

(您可以忽略 p: XML 命名空间……那只是因为 Stack Overflow 的 XAML 格式会被使用默认 XML 命名空间的 <Style/> 元素混淆。)

虽然我通常更喜欢基于模板的方法,因为它是惯用的且本质上更简单的方法,但这种基于包装器的方法确实有一些优点:

  • 可用于UserControl对象在与声明 View 模型类型的程序集中不同的程序集中声明,并且前者不能引用后一个程序集。
  • 它消除了基于模板的方法所需的冗余。 IE。这种方法不必复制/粘贴模板的共享元素,而是对整个 View 使用单个 XAML 结构,并根据需要显示或隐藏该 View 的元素。

为了完整起见,这里是 NotifyPropertyChangedBase ViewModelWrapper 使用的类上面的类:

class NotifyPropertyChangedBase : INotifyPropertyChanged
{
public event PropertyChangedEventHandler PropertyChanged;

protected void _UpdateField<T>(ref T field, T newValue,
Action<T> onChangedCallback = null,
[CallerMemberName] string propertyName = null)
{
if (EqualityComparer<T>.Default.Equals(field, newValue))
{
return;
}

T oldValue = field;

field = newValue;
onChangedCallback?.Invoke(oldValue);
_RaisePropertyChanged(propertyName);
}

protected void _RaisePropertyChanged(string propertyName)
{
PropertyChanged?.Invoke(this, new PropertyChangedEventArgs(propertyName));
}
}

就其值(value)而言,我更喜欢这种方法来重新实现 INotifyPropertyChanged每个模型对象中的接口(interface)。代码更简单,更易于编写,更易于阅读,并且不易出错。

关于c# - 仅在属性存在时绑定(bind)到属性,我们在Stack Overflow上找到一个类似的问题: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/46736914/

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