java - 企业应用程序与普通应用程序

Question

有人可以轻松地让我了解什么是企业应用程序吗？企业应用和普通应用有什么区别？为什么 Java 最常用于构建企业应用程序？

Answer 1

Martin Fowler 在他的书中，Patterns of Enterprise Application Architecture ，这样定义企业应用程序:

Enterprise applications usually involve persistent data. The data is persistent because it needs to be around between multiple runs of the program—indeed, it usually needs to persist for several years. Also during this time there will be many changes in the programs that use it. It will often outlast the hardware that originally created much of it, and outlast operating systems and compilers. During that time there'll be many changes to the structure of the data in order to store new pieces of information without disturbing the old pieces. Even if there's a fundamental change and the company installs a completely new application to handle a job, the data has to be migrated to the new application.

There's usually a lot of data—a moderate system will have over 1 GB of data organized in tens of millions of records—so much that managing it is a major part of the system. Older systems used indexed file structures such as IBM's VSAM and ISAM. Modern systems usually use databases, mostly relational databases. The design and feeding of these databases has turned into a subprofession of its own.

Usually many people access data concurrently. For many systems this may be less than a hundred people, but for Web-based systems that talk over the Internet this goes up by orders of magnitude. With so many people there are definite issues in ensuring that all of them can access the system properly. But even without that many people, there are still problems in making sure that two people don't access the same data at the same time in a way that causes errors. Transaction manager tools handle some of this burden, but often it's impossible to hide this from application developers.

With so much data, there's usually a lot of user interface screens to handle it. It's not unusual to have hundreds of distinct screens. Users of enterprise applications vary from occasional to regular, and normally they will have little technical expertise. Thus, the data has to be presented lots of different ways for different purposes. Systems often have a lot of batch processing, which is easy to forget when focusing on use cases that stress user interaction

Enterprise applications rarely live on an island. Usually they need to integrate with other enterprise applications scattered around the enterprise.The various systems are built at different times with different technologies, and even the collaboration mechanisms will be different

他还列举了一些企业应用的常见例子:

Enterprise applications include payroll, patient records, shipping tracking, cost analysis, credit scoring, insurance, supply chain, accounting, customer service, and foreign exchange trading. Enterprise applications don't include automobile fuel injection, word processors, elevator controllers, chemical plant controllers, telephone switches, operating systems, compilers, and games.