postgresql - 如何确定 upsert 是否是 PostgreSQL 9.5+ UPSERT 的更新？

Question

可写 CTE 被认为是 9.5 之前的 UPSERT 解决方案，如 Insert, on duplicate update in PostgreSQL? 中所述

可以使用以下可写 CTE 惯用法的信息执行 UPSERT，无论它最终是 UPDATE 还是 INSERT:

WITH
    update_cte AS (
        UPDATE t SET v = $1 WHERE id = $2 RETURNING 'updated'::text status
    ),
    insert_cte AS (
        INSERT INTO t(id, v) SELECT $2, $1 WHERE NOT EXISTS
            (SELECT 1 FROM update_cte) RETURNING 'inserted'::text status
    )
 (SELECT status FROM update_cte) UNION (SELECT status FROM insert_cte)

此查询将返回“已更新”或“已插入”，或者可能(很少)因违反约束而失败，如 https://dba.stackexchange.com/questions/78510/why-is-cte-open-to-lost-updates 中所述

是否可以使用 PostgreSQL 9.5+ 新的“UPSERT”语法实现类似的东西，从其优化中获益并避免可能的约束冲突？

Answer 1

我相信 xmax::text::int > 0 是最简单的技巧:

so=# DROP TABLE IF EXISTS tab;
NOTICE:  table "tab" does not exist, skipping
DROP TABLE
so=# CREATE TABLE tab(id INT PRIMARY KEY, col text);
CREATE TABLE
so=# INSERT INTO tab(id, col) VALUES (1,'a'), (2, 'b');
INSERT 0 2
so=# INSERT INTO tab(id, col)
VALUES (3, 'c'), (4, 'd'), (1,'aaaa')
ON CONFLICT (id) DO UPDATE SET col = EXCLUDED.col
returning *,case when xmax::text::int > 0 then 'updated' else 'inserted' end,ctid;
 id | col  |   case   | ctid
----+------+----------+-------
  3 | c    | inserted | (0,3)
  4 | d    | inserted | (0,4)
  1 | aaaa | updated  | (0,5)
(3 rows)

INSERT 0 3
so=# INSERT INTO tab(id, col)
VALUES (3, 'c'), (4, 'd'), (1,'aaaa')
ON CONFLICT (id) DO UPDATE SET col = EXCLUDED.col
returning *,case when xmax::text::int > 0 then 'updated' else 'inserted' end,ctid;
 id | col  |  case   | ctid
----+------+---------+-------
  3 | c    | updated | (0,6)
  4 | d    | updated | (0,7)
  1 | aaaa | updated | (0,8)
(3 rows)

INSERT 0 3