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javascript - 使用私有(private)/ protected /公共(public)字段和方法扩展类

转载 作者:行者123 更新时间:2023-11-29 10:06:00 24 4
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我正在尝试找到一种在 ES6 中创建类似抽象类的方法。到目前为止,我尝试的每件事总是会遇到语言和/或其语法的限制(也是我对原型(prototype)制作的有限了解)。

基本 oop;我们声明一个类并扩展它。最终类必须访问其父类(super class)中的一些字段和方法,但不是全部。它还改变了公共(public)方法...

类声明应该是完美的封装,所以除了这段代码之外没有其他东西能够到达它(类似于命名空间的东西)。


到目前为止,我在 ES5 中的实验是错误的...我非常感谢您的建议和帮助。

(function(){

// ==================================

function AbstractClass(params) {
var _myParams = params;
var _privateField = "Only AbstractClass can see me";
this.publicField = "Everybody can see me";

function privateFunc() {
// Does private stuff
}
}
AbstractClass.prototype.publicFunc = function() {
// Does public stuff
privateFunc(); // Works?
}

// ==================================

function FinalClass(params) {
// How to pass the params to the superclass?
}
FinalClass.prototype.publicFunc = function() {
// Override and calls the superclass.publicFunc()?
// How can I touch _privateField ? publicField ?
}
FinalClass.prototype = Object.create(AbstractClass.prototype);

// ==================================

var foo = new FinalClass("hello world!");
foo.publicFunc();
})();

你能告诉我这段代码有什么问题以及如何解决吗?
额外问题:如何在 ES6 中正确执行此操作?
三重红利: protected 领域和方法呢?

谢谢。

最佳答案

这实际上是一个很好的问题,我会尽量给你一个有见地的答案......

正如我已经在 Stack Overflow 的某处解释过的那样,JavaScript 并不是真正的基于类的语言。它基于原型(prototype)。这是一个完全不同的编程范例,您应该考虑到这一点。因此,当您使用 Vanilla JS 编写内容时,通常最好忘记(只是一点点)您对 Java 或 C++ 的了解。

但是,JavaScript 是一种非常灵活的语言,您可以按照自己的意愿进行编程。在我看来,JavaScript 编程主要有两种风格:惯用 风格和经典 风格。

  • 惯用风格大量使用对象字面量、鸭子类型、工厂函数和组合。
  • 经典风格试图模仿基于类的语言的行为,使用类的构造函数和 IIFE(立即调用的函数表达式)进行封装。它强调继承和多态性。

你想要的是一个抽象类。抽象类是不能实例化的类,只能用作派生类的模型。如果你关心严格的封装,这就是你如何在 ES5 中实现它:

// ==============================
// ABSTRACT "CLASS"
// ==============================

var OS = (function (n) {
// Here "name" is private because it is encapsulated in the IIFE
var name = "";

// Constructor
function OS (n) {
// If "OS" is called with "new", throw an error
if (this.constructor === OS) {
throw new Error('You cannot instantiate an abstract class!');
}
name = n;
}

// We cannot call this method directly (except with "call" or "apply") because we cannot have direct instances of "OS"
OS.prototype.boot = function () {
return name + ' is booting...';
};

// This is an abstract method. It will be in the prototype of derived objects but should be overriden to work
OS.prototype.shutdown = function () {
throw new Error('You cannot call an abstract method!');
};

// Getter for "name"
OS.prototype.getName = function () {
return name;
};

// The constructor must be returned to be public
return OS;
})();

// ==============================
// CONCRETE "CLASS"
// ==============================

var LinuxDistro = (function (name) {
// Constructor
function LinuxDistro(name) {
// Here we call the constructor of "OS" without "new", so there will not be any error
OS.call(this, name);
}
// Here "Linux Distro" inherits from "OS"
LinuxDistro.prototype = Object.create(OS.prototype);
LinuxDistro.prototype.constructor = LinuxDistro;

// Private function/method
function textTransform(str, style) {
return style === 'lowercase' ? str.toLowerCase() : str.toUpperCase();
}

// The parent method is used and overriden
LinuxDistro.prototype.boot = function () {
return OS.prototype.boot.call(this) + ' Welcome to ' + textTransform(this.getName());
};

// The abstract method is implemented
LinuxDistro.prototype.shutdown = function () {
return 'Shutting down... See you soon on ' + textTransform(this.getName());
};

// The constructor must be returned to be public
return LinuxDistro;
})();

// ==============================
// CLIENT CODE
// ==============================

var arch = new LinuxDistro('Arch Linux');

console.log(arch.getName());
console.log(arch.boot());
console.log(arch.shutdown());

现在你想用 ES6 做同样的事情。好处是 ES6 提供了很好的语法糖来处理类。同样,如果您关心严格封装,则可以采用以下实现:

// ==============================
// ABSTRACT "CLASS"
// ==============================

const OS = (n => {
// Here "name" is private because it is encapsulated in the IIFE
let name = "";

class OS {
constructor(n) {
// If "OS" is called with "new", throw an error
if (new.target === OS) {
throw new Error('You cannot instantiate an abstract class!');
}
name = n;
}

// We cannot call this method directly (except with "call" or "apply") because we cannot have direct instances of "OS"
boot() {
return `${name} is booting...`;
}

// This is an abstract method. It will be in the prototype of derived objects but should be overriden to work
shutdown() {
throw new Error('You cannot call an abstract method!');
}

// Getter for "name"
get name() {
return name;
}
}

// The class must be returned to be public
return OS;
})();

// ==============================
// CONCRETE "CLASS"
// ==============================

const LinuxDistro = (name => {

// Private function/method
function textTransform(str, style) {
return style === 'lowercase' ? str.toLowerCase() : str.toUpperCase();
}

class LinuxDistro extends OS {
constructor(name) {
// Here we call the constructor of "OS" without "new", so there will not be any error
super(name);
}

// The parent method is used and overriden
boot() {
return `${super.boot()} Welcome to ${textTransform(this.name)}`;
}

// The abstract method is implemented
shutdown() {
return `Shutting down... See you soon on ${textTransform(this.name)}`;
}
}

// The class must be returned to be public
return LinuxDistro;
})();

// ==============================
// CLIENT CODE
// ==============================

const arch = new LinuxDistro('Arch Linux');

console.log(arch.name); // This is not a direct access to "name". The getter is used...
console.log(arch.boot());
console.log(arch.shutdown());

当然,这些片段并不完美,可能看起来有点吓人。但由于 JavaScript 的原型(prototype)性质,我认为这是我们能做的最好的事情。

您可能已经看到,类成员要么是私有(private)的(由于 IIFE 和闭包),要么是公共(public)的(由于对象的创建方式,具有自己的属性和原型(prototype)链)。如果你真的想要 protected 成员,这是另一回事......

当您为 JavaScript 代码考虑 OOP 模型时,我建议您使用 TypeScript .这比上面提供的代码更方便、可读和可维护。

最后,如果您想更进一步,了解如何在 JavaScript 中实现所有传统的 OOP 设计模式(尤其是 GoF 模式),我邀请您看一下我在 GitHub 上的一个项目:PatternifyJS

关于javascript - 使用私有(private)/ protected /公共(public)字段和方法扩展类,我们在Stack Overflow上找到一个类似的问题: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/43081398/

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