python - 我如何使 OpenGL 镜面光工作？

Question

如何使 OpenGL 中的镜面照明发挥作用？我使用 python，我一直在尝试学习它是如何工作的，我已经能够使纹理工作、深度、创建基本的游戏玩法，但现在我试图让镜面照明像手电筒一样工作，所以我不断将它的位置更改为与玩家相同的位置以及玩家正在看的方向，但它不起作用!

import pyglet, math
from pyglet.gl import *

tela = pyglet.window.Window(height=500, width=500, caption="Halloween")
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST)
glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_2D)
glEnable(GL_LIGHTING)
glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_AMBIENT, (GLfloat*4)(0,0,0,1))
glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_DIFFUSE, (GLfloat*4)(0,0,0,1))
glEnable(GL_LIGHT0)
tela.set_mouse_visible(False)
pos = [0,0,0]
rotX = rotY = pre = 0
comando = {"a":0,"d":0,"w":0,"s":0}
Dparede = pyglet.image.load("inf/Parede_Branca.png").get_image_data().get_data('RGBA', 225*4)
parede = pyglet.resource.image("inf/Parede_Branca.png").get_texture()
Dchao = pyglet.image.load("inf/Madeira.png").get_image_data().get_data('RGBA', 225*4)
chao = pyglet.resource.image("inf/Madeira.png").get_texture()

@tela.event
def on_draw():
    global pos, comando, rotX, rotY, parede, chao, Dchao, Dparede
    glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT)
    if comando["w"] == 1:
        pos[2] += math.cos(math.pi*rotX/180)
        pos[0] += math.sin(math.pi*rotX/180)
    if comando["s"] == 1:
        pos[2] -= math.cos(math.pi*rotX/180)
        pos[0] -= math.sin(math.pi*rotX/180)
    if comando["d"] == 1:
        pos[2] += math.sin(math.pi*rotX/180)
        pos[0] -= math.cos(math.pi*rotX/180)
    if comando["a"] == 1:
        pos[2] -= math.sin(math.pi*rotX/180)
        pos[0] += math.cos(math.pi*rotX/180)
    glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION)
    glLoadIdentity()
    gluPerspective(45, 1, 0.1, 1000)
    glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW)
    glLoadIdentity()
    if pos[0] < -188:
        pos[0] = -188
    if pos[2] < -188:
        pos[2] = -188
    if pos[0] > 188:
        pos[0] = 188
    if pos[2] > 188:
        pos[2] = 188
    glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_SPECULAR, (GLfloat*4)(1,1,1,1))
    glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_POSITION, (GLfloat*4)(pos[0],pos[1]-1,pos[2],1))
    glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_SPOT_DIRECTION, (GLfloat*3)(pos[0]+1000*(math.sin(math.pi*rotX/180)),pos[1]+1000*(math.cos(math.pi*rotY/180)), pos[2]+1000*(math.cos(math.pi*rotX/180))))
    glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_SPOT_CUTOFF, (GLfloat*1)(45))

    gluLookAt(pos[0], pos[1], pos[2], pos[0]+math.sin(math.pi*rotX/180), pos[1]+math.cos(math.pi*rotY/180), pos[2]+math.cos(math.pi*rotX/180), 0, 10, 0)

    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, chao.id)
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_MIRRORED_REPEAT)
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_MIRRORED_REPEAT)
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR)
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR)
    glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGBA, 225, 225, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, Dchao)

    glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_SPECULAR, (GLfloat*4)(1,1,1,1))
    glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_SHININESS, (GLfloat*1)(100))
    glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_EMISSION, (GLfloat*4)(0,0,0,1))

    # chão
    glBegin(GL_POLYGON)
    glTexCoord2f(0,0)
    glVertex3f(-200,-20,200)
    glTexCoord2f(0,10)
    glVertex3f(-200,-20,-200)
    glTexCoord2f(10,10)
    glVertex3f(200,-20,-200)
    glTexCoord2f(10,0)
    glVertex3f(200,-20,200)
    glEnd()

    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, parede.id)
    glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGBA, 225, 225, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, Dparede)

    # teto
    glBegin(GL_POLYGON)
    glTexCoord2f(0,0)
    glVertex3f(-200,20,200)
    glTexCoord2f(0,50)
    glVertex3f(-200,20,-200)
    glTexCoord2f(50,50)
    glVertex3f(200,20,-200)
    glTexCoord2f(50,0)
    glVertex3f(200,20,200)
    glEnd()

    # parede
    glBegin(GL_POLYGON)
    glTexCoord2f(0,0)
    glVertex3f(-200,20,200)
    glTexCoord2f(0,50)
    glVertex3f(-200,20,-200)
    glTexCoord2f(10,50)
    glVertex3f(-200,-20,-200)
    glTexCoord2f(10,0)
    glVertex3f(-200,-20,200)
    glEnd()

    # parede
    glBegin(GL_POLYGON)
    glTexCoord2f(0,0)
    glVertex3f(-200,-20,-200)
    glTexCoord2f(0,50)
    glVertex3f(200,-20,-200)
    glTexCoord2f(10,50)
    glVertex3f(200,20,-200)
    glTexCoord2f(10,0)
    glVertex3f(-200,20,-200)
    glEnd()

    # parede
    glBegin(GL_POLYGON)
    glTexCoord2f(0,0)
    glVertex3f(200,-20,-200)
    glTexCoord2f(0,50)
    glVertex3f(200,-20,200)
    glTexCoord2f(10,50)
    glVertex3f(200,20,200)
    glTexCoord2f(10,0)
    glVertex3f(200,20,-200)
    glEnd()

    # parede
    glBegin(GL_POLYGON)
    glTexCoord2f(0,0)
    glVertex3f(-200,-20,200)
    glTexCoord2f(0,50)
    glVertex3f(200,-20,200)
    glTexCoord2f(10,50)
    glVertex3f(200,20,200)
    glTexCoord2f(10,0)
    glVertex3f(-200,20,200)
    glEnd()

@tela.event
def on_key_press(k,m):
    global comando
    if k == pyglet.window.key.A:
        comando["a"] = 1
    if k == pyglet.window.key.D:
        comando["d"] = 1
    if k == pyglet.window.key.W:
        comando["w"] = 1
    if k == pyglet.window.key.S:
        comando["s"] = 1
    if k == pyglet.window.key.Q:
        tela.close()

@tela.event
def on_key_release(k,m):
    global comando
    if k == pyglet.window.key.A:
        comando["a"] = 0
    if k == pyglet.window.key.D:
        comando["d"] = 0
    if k == pyglet.window.key.W:
        comando["w"] = 0
    if k == pyglet.window.key.S:
        comando["s"] = 0

@tela.event
def on_mouse_motion(x, y, dx, dy):
    global rotX, rotY, pre
    if pre == 0:
        rotX-=dx/2
        if rotY >= 0:
            rotY = -1
        if rotY <= -180:
            rotY = -179
        rotY+=dy
        if x > 400 or x < 100 or y > 400 or y < 100:
            tela.set_mouse_position(250,250)
            pre = 1
    else:
        pre = 0

def SRO(dt):
    on_draw()

pyglet.clock.schedule_interval(SRO, 1/120)

pyglet.app.run()

我已经尝试更改 glMaterial，或更改照明中的不同内容，但没有任何效果，我只想让照明像手电筒一样工作，请用代码给出答案

Answer 1

由于 gouraud shading，您想做的事是不可能的固定功能灯模型。另见 OpenGL Lighting on texture plane is not working ，这是一个关于类似问题的问题。您必须将表面(墙壁和地板)分割为更小的瓷砖，因为灯光仅针对顶点坐标进行计算并在表面上进行插值。表面中间的镜面高光不会出现。

我知道这不会让你满意。但请注意，glBegin/glEnd 绘制的那幅画sequences，固定函数矩阵堆栈和固定函数，per vertex light model，几十年来一直被弃用。参见 Fixed Function Pipeline和 Legacy OpenGL .了解 Vertex Specification和 Shader最先进的渲染方式。

如果你想“看到”任何东西，你必须跳过聚光灯，因为它不适用于你的几何体:

glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_SPOT_CUTOFF, (GLfloat*1)(45))

但激活环境漫射光:

glEnable(GL_LIGHTING)
glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_AMBIENT, (GLfloat*4)(1,1,1,1))
glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_DIFFUSE, (GLfloat*4)(1,1,1,1))
glEnable(GL_LIGHT0)

对于光的计算，需要表面的法向量。

激活灯模型 GL_LIGHT_MODEL_TWO_SIDE边:

glLightModeli(GL_LIGHT_MODEL_TWO_SIDE, GL_TRUE)

通过 glNormal3f 设置法向量:

# chão
glBegin(GL_POLYGON)
glNormal3f(0, -1, 0)
glTexCoord2f(0,0)
glVertex3f(-200,-20,200)
glTexCoord2f(0,10)
glVertex3f(-200,-20,-200)
glTexCoord2f(10,10)
glVertex3f(200,-20,-200)
glTexCoord2f(10,0)
glVertex3f(200,-20,200)
glEnd()

glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, parede.id)
glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGBA, 128, 128, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, Dparede)

# teto
glBegin(GL_POLYGON)
glNormal3f(0, -1, 0)
glTexCoord2f(0,0)
glVertex3f(-200,20,200)
glTexCoord2f(0,50)
glVertex3f(-200,20,-200)
glTexCoord2f(50,50)
glVertex3f(200,20,-200)
glTexCoord2f(50,0)
glVertex3f(200,20,200)
glEnd()

# parede
glBegin(GL_POLYGON)
glNormal3f(-1, 0, 0)
glTexCoord2f(0,0)
glVertex3f(-200,20,200)
glTexCoord2f(0,50)
glVertex3f(-200,20,-200)
glTexCoord2f(10,50)
glVertex3f(-200,-20,-200)
glTexCoord2f(10,0)
glVertex3f(-200,-20,200)
glEnd()

# parede
glBegin(GL_POLYGON)
glNormal3f(0, 0, 1)
glTexCoord2f(0,0)
glVertex3f(-200,-20,-200)
glTexCoord2f(0,50)
glVertex3f(200,-20,-200)
glTexCoord2f(10,50)
glVertex3f(200,20,-200)
glTexCoord2f(10,0)
glVertex3f(-200,20,-200)
glEnd()

# parede
glBegin(GL_POLYGON)
glNormal3f(-1, 0, 0)
glTexCoord2f(0,0)
glVertex3f(200,-20,-200)
glTexCoord2f(0,50)
glVertex3f(200,-20,200)
glTexCoord2f(10,50)
glVertex3f(200,20,200)
glTexCoord2f(10,0)
glVertex3f(200,20,-200)
glEnd()

# parede
glBegin(GL_POLYGON)
glNormal3f(0, 0, 1)
glTexCoord2f(0,0)
glVertex3f(-200,-20,200)
glTexCoord2f(0,50)
glVertex3f(200,-20,200)
glTexCoord2f(10,50)
glVertex3f(200,20,200)
glTexCoord2f(10,0)
glVertex3f(-200,20,200)
glEnd()

---

当灯光位置由 glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_POSITION, pos) 设置时，然后位置乘以当前模型 View 矩阵。
这意味着如果在设置 View 矩阵 (gluLookAt) 之前设置位置，则灯光位置是相对于相机( View 空间位置)的。
如果在设置 View 矩阵之后设置，那么光源位置必须在世界坐标中，因为它是由 View 矩阵转换的。

如果您希望光源是相机位置，则必须将光源设置到位置 (0, 0, 0)，在 View 矩阵由 gluLookAt。

glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_POSITION, (GLfloat*4)(0,0,0,1))
gluLookAt(pos[0], pos[1], pos[2], pos[0]+math.sin(math.pi*rotX/180), pos[1]+math.cos(math.pi*rotY/180), pos[2]+math.cos(math.pi*rotX/180), 0, 10, 0) 

---

如果你想让聚光灯(或多或少)起作用，那么唯一的可能就是使用非常小的 GL_SHININESS。参数(例如1):

glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_POSITION, (GLfloat*4)(0,0,0,1))
glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_SPOT_DIRECTION, (GLfloat*3)(0, 0, -1))
glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_SPOT_CUTOFF, (GLfloat*1)(45))

gluLookAt(pos[0], pos[1], pos[2], pos[0]+math.sin(math.pi*rotX/180), pos[1]+math.cos(math.pi*rotY/180), pos[2]+math.cos(math.pi*rotX/180), 0, 10, 0)

glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_AMBIENT, (GLfloat*4)(0,0,0,1))
glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_DIFFUSE, (GLfloat*4)(0,0,0,1))
glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_SPECULAR, (GLfloat*4)(1,1,1,1))

# [...]

glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_SHININESS, (GLfloat*1)(1))
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_SPECULAR, (GLfloat*4)(1,1,1,1))

---

另一种可能性是实现一个简单的 Per Fragment Lighting着色器程序:

创建着色器程序源代码:

vert_code = b"""
varying vec3 N;
varying vec3 v;
varying vec2 uv;

void main(void)  
{     
    uv = gl_MultiTexCoord0.xy; 
    v = vec3(gl_ModelViewMatrix * gl_Vertex);       
    N = normalize(gl_NormalMatrix * gl_Normal);
    gl_Position = gl_ModelViewProjectionMatrix * gl_Vertex;  
}
"""

frag_code = b"""
varying vec3 N;
varying vec3 v; 
varying vec2 uv;  
uniform sampler2D u_texture;  
void main (void)  
{  
    vec3 L = normalize(gl_LightSource[0].position.xyz - v);   
    vec3 E = normalize(-v); // we are in Eye Coordinates, so EyePos is (0,0,0)  
    vec3 R = normalize(-reflect(L,N));  

    //calculate Ambient Term:  
    vec4 Iamb = gl_FrontLightProduct[0].ambient;    

    float spotCos = dot(gl_LightSource[0].spotDirection, -E);
    float sotCutOff = step(gl_LightSource[0].spotCosCutoff, spotCos);

    //calculate Diffuse Term:  
    vec4 Idiff = gl_FrontLightProduct[0].diffuse * max(dot(N,L), 0.0);
    Idiff = clamp(Idiff, 0.0, 1.0) * sotCutOff;     

    // calculate Specular Term:
    vec4 Ispec = gl_FrontLightProduct[0].specular 
                    * pow(max(dot(R,E),0.0),0.3*gl_FrontMaterial.shininess);
    Ispec = clamp(Ispec, 0.0, 1.0) * sotCutOff; 

    vec4 texColor = texture2D(u_texture, uv);  
    gl_FragColor = vec4(texColor.rgb * (Iamb + Idiff + Ispec), texColor.a);     
}
"""

编译链接程序:

from ctypes import *

sh_code_list = [(GL_VERTEX_SHADER, vert_code), (GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER, frag_code)]

sh_objs = []
for sh_code in sh_code_list:
    sh_obj = glCreateShader(sh_code[0])
    src_buffer = create_string_buffer(sh_code[1])
    buf_pointer = cast(pointer(pointer(src_buffer)), POINTER(POINTER(c_char)))
    glShaderSource(sh_obj, 1, buf_pointer, None)
    glCompileShader(sh_obj)
    temp = c_int(0)
    glGetShaderiv(sh_obj, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, byref(temp))
    if not temp:
        glGetShaderiv(sh_obj, GL_INFO_LOG_LENGTH, byref(temp))
        buffer = create_string_buffer(temp.value)
        glGetShaderInfoLog(sh_obj, temp, None, buffer)
        print( 'compile error:' )
        print(buffer.value)
    sh_objs.append(sh_obj)

program = glCreateProgram()
for shObj in sh_objs: 
    glAttachShader(program, shObj)

glLinkProgram(program)
temp = c_int(0)
glGetProgramiv(program, GL_LINK_STATUS, byref(temp))
if not temp:
    glGetProgramiv(program, GL_INFO_LOG_LENGTH, byref(temp))
    buffer = create_string_buffer(temp.value)
    glGetProgramInfoLog(program, temp, None, buffer)
    print( 'link error:' )
    print(buffer.value)

在程序的主循环之前加载纹理:

glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, chao.id)
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_MIRRORED_REPEAT)
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_MIRRORED_REPEAT)
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR)
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR)
glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGBA, 256, 256, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, Dchao)

glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, parede.id)
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_MIRRORED_REPEAT)
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_MIRRORED_REPEAT)
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR)
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR)
glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGBA, 1024, 1024, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, Dparede)

绘制场景时使用程序:

@tela.event
def on_draw():
    global pos, comando, rotX, rotY, parede, chao, Dchao, Dparede
    glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT)
    if comando["w"] == 1:
        pos[2] += math.cos(math.pi*rotX/180)
        pos[0] += math.sin(math.pi*rotX/180)
    if comando["s"] == 1:
        pos[2] -= math.cos(math.pi*rotX/180)
        pos[0] -= math.sin(math.pi*rotX/180)
    if comando["d"] == 1:
        pos[2] += math.sin(math.pi*rotX/180)
        pos[0] -= math.cos(math.pi*rotX/180)
    if comando["a"] == 1:
        pos[2] -= math.sin(math.pi*rotX/180)
        pos[0] += math.cos(math.pi*rotX/180)

    glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION)
    glLoadIdentity()
    gluPerspective(45, 1, 0.1, 1000)
    glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW)
    glLoadIdentity()
    if pos[0] < -188:
        pos[0] = -188
    if pos[2] < -188:
        pos[2] = -188
    if pos[0] > 188:
        pos[0] = 188
    if pos[2] > 188:
        pos[2] = 188

    glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_POSITION, (GLfloat*4)(0,0,0,1))
    glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_SPOT_DIRECTION, (GLfloat*3)(0, 0, -1))
    glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_SPOT_CUTOFF, (GLfloat*1)(45))

    gluLookAt(pos[0], pos[1], pos[2], pos[0]+math.sin(math.pi*rotX/180), pos[1]+math.cos(math.pi*rotY/180), pos[2]+math.cos(math.pi*rotX/180), 0, 10, 0)

    glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_AMBIENT, (GLfloat*4)(0.2,0.2,0.2,1))
    glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_DIFFUSE, (GLfloat*4)(0.8,0.8,0.8,1))
    glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_SPECULAR, (GLfloat*4)(1,1,1,1))
    glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_SHININESS, (GLfloat*1)(100))
    glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_SPECULAR, (GLfloat*4)(1,1,1,1))

    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, chao.id)

    glUseProgram(program)

    # chão
    glBegin(GL_POLYGON)
    glNormal3f(0, 1, 0)
    glTexCoord2f(0,0)
    glVertex3f(-200,-20,200)
    glTexCoord2f(0,10)
    glVertex3f(-200,-20,-200)
    glTexCoord2f(10,10)
    glVertex3f(200,-20,-200)
    glTexCoord2f(10,0)
    glVertex3f(200,-20,200)
    glEnd()

    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, parede.id)

    # teto
    glBegin(GL_POLYGON)
    glNormal3f(0, -1, 0)
    glTexCoord2f(0,0)
    glVertex3f(-200,20,200)
    glTexCoord2f(0,10)
    glVertex3f(-200,20,-200)
    glTexCoord2f(10,10)
    glVertex3f(200,20,-200)
    glTexCoord2f(10,0)
    glVertex3f(200,20,200)
    glEnd()

    # parede
    glBegin(GL_POLYGON)
    glNormal3f(-1, 0, 0)
    glTexCoord2f(0,0)
    glVertex3f(-200,20,200)
    glTexCoord2f(10,0)
    glVertex3f(-200,20,-200)
    glTexCoord2f(10,1)
    glVertex3f(-200,-20,-200)
    glTexCoord2f(0,1)
    glVertex3f(-200,-20,200)
    glEnd()

    # parede
    glBegin(GL_POLYGON)
    glNormal3f(0, 0, 1)
    glTexCoord2f(0,0)
    glVertex3f(-200,-20,-200)
    glTexCoord2f(10,0)
    glVertex3f(200,-20,-200)
    glTexCoord2f(10,1)
    glVertex3f(200,20,-200)
    glTexCoord2f(0,1)
    glVertex3f(-200,20,-200)
    glEnd()

    # parede
    glBegin(GL_POLYGON)
    glNormal3f(-1, 0, 0)
    glTexCoord2f(0,0)
    glVertex3f(200,-20,-200)
    glTexCoord2f(10,0)
    glVertex3f(200,-20,200)
    glTexCoord2f(10,1)
    glVertex3f(200,20,200)
    glTexCoord2f(0,1)
    glVertex3f(200,20,-200)
    glEnd()

    # parede
    glBegin(GL_POLYGON)
    glNormal3f(0, 0, 1)
    glTexCoord2f(0,0)
    glVertex3f(-200,-20,200)
    glTexCoord2f(10,0)
    glVertex3f(200,-20,200)
    glTexCoord2f(10,1)
    glVertex3f(200,20,200)
    glTexCoord2f(0,1)
    glVertex3f(-200,20,200)
    glEnd()