python - 在实例方法中从父级访问类属性

Question

我想从类继承链上的每个类中读取类属性。

类似于以下内容:

class Base(object):
    def smart_word_reader(self):
        for word in self.words:
            print(word)

class A(Base):
    words = ['foo', 'bar']

class B(A):
    words = ['baz']

if __name__ == '__main__':
    a = A()
    a.smart_word_reader()  # prints foo, bar as expected
    b = B()
    b.smart_word_reader()  # prints baz - how I can I make it print foo, bar, baz?

显然，每个 words 属性都会覆盖其他属性，这是理所应当的。我怎样才能做类似的事情来让我读取继承链中每个类的 words 属性？

有更好的方法可以解决这个问题吗？

对于可以与多个继承链一起使用的东西(最后所有东西都继承自 Base 的菱形形状)，可以获得奖励积分。

Answer 1

我想你可以手动内省(introspection)mro，其效果是:

In [8]: class Base(object):
   ...:     def smart_word_reader(self):
   ...:         for cls in type(self).mro():
   ...:             for word in getattr(cls, 'words', ()):
   ...:                 print(word)
   ...:
   ...: class A(Base):
   ...:     words = ['foo', 'bar']
   ...:
   ...: class B(A):
   ...:     words = ['baz']
   ...:

In [9]: a = A()

In [10]: a.smart_word_reader()
foo
bar

In [11]: b = B()

In [12]: b.smart_word_reader()
baz
foo
bar

或者也许按相反的顺序:

In [13]: class Base(object):
    ...:     def smart_word_reader(self):
    ...:         for cls in reversed(type(self).mro()):
    ...:             for word in getattr(cls, 'words', ()):
    ...:                 print(word)
    ...:
    ...: class A(Base):
    ...:     words = ['foo', 'bar']
    ...:
    ...: class B(A):
    ...:     words = ['baz']
    ...:

In [14]: a = A()

In [15]: a.smart_word_reader()
foo
bar

In [16]: b = B()

In [17]: b.smart_word_reader()
foo
bar
baz

或更复杂的模式:

In [21]: class Base(object):
    ...:     def smart_word_reader(self):
    ...:         for cls in reversed(type(self).mro()):
    ...:             for word in getattr(cls, 'words', ()):
    ...:                 print(word)
    ...:
    ...: class A(Base):
    ...:     words = ['foo', 'bar']
    ...:
    ...: class B(Base):
    ...:     words = ['baz']
    ...:
    ...: class C(A,B):
    ...:     words = ['fizz','pop']
    ...:

In [22]: c = C()

In [23]: c.smart_word_reader()
baz
foo
bar
fizz
pop

In [24]: C.mro()
Out[24]: [__main__.C, __main__.A, __main__.B, __main__.Base, object]