c++ - makefile 删除了我的 .cpp 文件

Question

这是我在 make 文件中唯一更改的行，即向该行添加“*.cpp”:

SRC = $(wildcard *.c *.cpp)

这是 makefile 的干净目标:

# Target: clean project.
clean: begin clean_list end

clean_list :
@echo
@echo $(MSG_CLEANING)
$(REMOVE) $(OBJDIR)/$(TARGET).hex
$(REMOVE) $(OBJDIR)/$(TARGET).eep
$(REMOVE) $(OBJDIR)/$(TARGET).cof
$(REMOVE) $(OBJDIR)/$(TARGET).elf
$(REMOVE) $(OBJDIR)/$(TARGET).map
$(REMOVE) $(OBJDIR)/$(TARGET).sym
$(REMOVE) $(OBJDIR)/$(TARGET).lss
$(REMOVE) $(OBJ)
$(REMOVE) $(LST)
$(REMOVE) $(OBJDIR)/$(SRC:.c=.s)
$(REMOVE) $(OBJDIR)/$(SRC:.c=.d)
$(REMOVE) $(OBJDIR)/.dep/*

当我运行 makefile 时，它​​删除了我所有的 .cpp 文件。我做错了什么？

提前致谢。乔

下面是 OBJ 和 LST 的定义:

# Define all object files.
OBJ = $(addprefix $(OBJDIR)/,$(SRC:.c=.o)) $(addprefix          $(OBJDIR)/,$(ASRC:.S=.o))

# Define all listing files.
LST = $(addprefix $(OBJDIR)/,$(SRC:.c=.lst)) $(addprefix $(OBJDIR)/,$(ASRC:.S=.lst))

这是完整的 make 文件:

# Hey Emacs, this is a -*- makefile -*-
#----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# WinAVR Makefile Template written by Eric B. Weddington, Jörg Wunsch, et al.
#
# Released to the Public Domain
#
# Additional material for this makefile was written by:
# Peter Fleury
# Tim Henigan
# Colin O'Flynn
# Reiner Patommel
# Markus Pfaff
# Sander Pool
# Frederik Rouleau
#
#----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# On command line:
#
# make all = Make software.
#
# make clean = Clean out built project files.
#
# make coff = Convert ELF to AVR COFF.
#
# make extcoff = Convert ELF to AVR Extended COFF.
#
# make program = Download the hex file to the device, using avrdude.
#                Please customize the avrdude settings below first!
#
# make debug = Start either simulavr or avarice as specified for debugging, 
#              with avr-gdb or avr-insight as the front end for debugging.
#
# make filename.s = Just compile filename.c into the assembler code only.
#
# make filename.i = Create a preprocessed source file for use in submitting
#                   bug reports to the GCC project.
#
# To rebuild project do "make clean" then "make all".
#----------------------------------------------------------------------------

#include conf.mk
# MCU name
MCU = atmega328p


# Processor frequency.
#     This will define a symbol, F_CPU, in all source code files equal to the 
#     processor frequency. You can then use this symbol in your source code to 
#     calculate timings. Do NOT tack on a 'UL' at the end, this will be done
#     automatically to create a 32-bit value in your source code.
F_CPU = 8000000

AVRDUDE_PROGRAMMER = stk500v1

# com1 = serial port. Use lpt1 to connect to parallel port.
AVRDUDE_PORT = /dev/cu.wchusbserial1420    # programmer connected to serial device

# Output format. (can be srec, ihex, binary)
FORMAT = ihex


# Target file name (without extension).
TARGET = main


# List C source files here. (C dependencies are automatically generated.)

SRC = $(wildcard *.c *.cpp)

OBJDIR = Builds
# List Assembler source files here.
#     Make them always end in a capital .S.  Files ending in a lowercase .s
#     will not be considered source files but generated files (assembler
#     output from the compiler), and will be deleted upon "make clean"!
#     Even though the DOS/Win* filesystem matches both .s and .S the same,
#     it will preserve the spelling of the filenames, and gcc itself does
#     care about how the name is spelled on its command-line.
ASRC = 


# Optimization level, can be [0, 1, 2, 3, s]. 
#     0 = turn off optimization. s = optimize for size.
#     (Note: 3 is not always the best optimization level. See avr-libc FAQ.)
OPT = s


# Debugging format.
#     Native formats for AVR-GCC's -g are dwarf-2 [default] or stabs.
#     AVR Studio 4.10 requires dwarf-2.
#     AVR [Extended] COFF format requires stabs, plus an avr-objcopy run.
DEBUG = stabs


# List any extra directories to look for include files here.
#     Each directory must be seperated by a space.
#     Use forward slashes for directory separators.
#     For a directory that has spaces, enclose it in quotes.
EXTRAINCDIRS = 


# Compiler flag to set the C Standard level.
#     c89   = "ANSI" C
#     gnu89 = c89 plus GCC extensions
#     c99   = ISO C99 standard (not yet fully implemented)
#     gnu99 = c99 plus GCC extensions
CSTANDARD = -std=c++11


# Place -D or -U options here
CDEFS = -DF_CPU=$(F_CPU)UL


# Place -I options here
CINCS =



#---------------- Compiler Options ----------------
#  -g*:          generate debugging information
#  -O*:          optimization level
#  -f...:        tuning, see GCC manual and avr-libc documentation
#  -Wall...:     warning level
#  -Wa,...:      tell GCC to pass this to the assembler.
#    -adhlns...: create assembler listing
CFLAGS = -g$(DEBUG)
CFLAGS += $(CDEFS) $(CINCS)
CFLAGS += -O$(OPT)
CFLAGS += -funsigned-char -funsigned-bitfields -fpack-struct -fshort-enums
CFLAGS += -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes
CFLAGS += -Wa,-adhlns=$(addprefix $(OBJDIR)/,$(<:.c=.lst))
CFLAGS += $(patsubst %,-I%,$(EXTRAINCDIRS))
CFLAGS += $(CSTANDARD)
CFLAGS += -gstabs
CFLAGS += -gstrict-dwarf

#---------------- Assembler Options ----------------
#  -Wa,...:   tell GCC to pass this to the assembler.
#  -ahlms:    create listing
#  -gstabs:   have the assembler create line number information; note that
#             for use in COFF files, additional information about filenames
#             and function names needs to be present in the assembler source
#             files -- see avr-libc docs [FIXME: not yet described there]
#  -listing-cont-lines: Sets the maximum number of continuation lines of hex 
#       dump that will be displayed for a given single line of source input.
ASFLAGS = -Wa,-adhlns=$(addprefix $(OBJDIR)/,$(<:.S=.lst)),-gstabs,--listing-cont-lines=100


#---------------- Library Options ----------------
# Minimalistic printf version
PRINTF_LIB_MIN = -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_min

# Floating point printf version (requires MATH_LIB = -lm below)
PRINTF_LIB_FLOAT = -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_flt

# If this is left blank, then it will use the Standard printf version.
PRINTF_LIB = 
#PRINTF_LIB = $(PRINTF_LIB_MIN)
#PRINTF_LIB = $(PRINTF_LIB_FLOAT)


# Minimalistic scanf version
SCANF_LIB_MIN = -Wl,-u,vfscanf -lscanf_min

# Floating point + %[ scanf version (requires MATH_LIB = -lm below)
SCANF_LIB_FLOAT = -Wl,-u,vfscanf -lscanf_flt

# If this is left blank, then it will use the Standard scanf version.
SCANF_LIB = 
#SCANF_LIB = $(SCANF_LIB_MIN)
#SCANF_LIB = $(SCANF_LIB_FLOAT)


MATH_LIB = -lm



#---------------- External Memory Options ----------------

# 64 KB of external RAM, starting after internal RAM (ATmega128!),
# used for variables (.data/.bss) and heap (malloc()).
#EXTMEMOPTS = -Wl,--section-start,.data=0x801100,--defsym=__heap_end=0x80ffff

# 64 KB of external RAM, starting after internal RAM (ATmega128!),
# only used for heap (malloc()).
#EXTMEMOPTS = -Wl,--defsym=__heap_start=0x801100,--defsym=__heap_end=0x80ffff

EXTMEMOPTS =



#---------------- Linker Options ----------------
#  -Wl,...:     tell GCC to pass this to linker.
#    -Map:      create map file
#    --cref:    add cross reference to  map file
LDFLAGS = -Wl,-Map=$(OBJDIR)/$(TARGET).map,--cref
LDFLAGS += $(EXTMEMOPTS)
LDFLAGS += $(PRINTF_LIB) $(SCANF_LIB) $(MATH_LIB)



#---------------- Programming Options (avrdude) ----------------

# Programming hardware: alf avr910 avrisp bascom bsd 
# dt006 pavr picoweb pony-stk200 sp12 stk200 stk500
#
# Type: avrdude -c ?
# to get a full listing.
#

AVRDUDE_WRITE_FLASH = -U flash:w:$(OBJDIR)/$(TARGET).hex
#AVRDUDE_WRITE_EEPROM = -U eeprom:w:$(TARGET).eep


# Uncomment the following if you want avrdude's erase cycle counter.
# Note that this counter needs to be initialized first using -Yn,
# see avrdude manual.
#AVRDUDE_ERASE_COUNTER = -y

# Uncomment the following if you do /not/ wish a verification to be
# performed after programming the device.
#AVRDUDE_NO_VERIFY = -V

# Increase verbosity level.  Please use this when submitting bug
# reports about avrdude. See <http://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/avrdude> 
# to submit bug reports.
#AVRDUDE_VERBOSE = -v -v

AVRDUDE_FLAGS = -p $(MCU) -P $(AVRDUDE_PORT) -c $(AVRDUDE_PROGRAMMER)
AVRDUDE_FLAGS += $(AVRDUDE_NO_VERIFY)
AVRDUDE_FLAGS += $(AVRDUDE_VERBOSE)
AVRDUDE_FLAGS += $(AVRDUDE_ERASE_COUNTER)

# --------------------------- EDITED BY WIJOYO UTOMO ---------------------------
# This is to modify the baud rate to 19200 when using my Arduino Nano v-3.0 as my ISP programmer
AVRDUDE_FLAGS += -C 19200

#---------------- Debugging Options ----------------

# For simulavr only - target MCU frequency.
DEBUG_MFREQ = $(F_CPU)

# Set the DEBUG_UI to either gdb or insight.
# DEBUG_UI = gdb
DEBUG_UI = insight

# Set the debugging back-end to either avarice, simulavr.
DEBUG_BACKEND = avarice
#DEBUG_BACKEND = simulavr

# GDB Init Filename.
GDBINIT_FILE = __avr_gdbinit

# When using avarice settings for the JTAG
JTAG_DEV = /dev/com1

# Debugging port used to communicate between GDB / avarice / simulavr.
DEBUG_PORT = 4242

# Debugging host used to communicate between GDB / avarice / simulavr, normally
#     just set to localhost unless doing some sort of crazy debugging when 
#     avarice is running on a different computer.
DEBUG_HOST = localhost



#============================================================================


# Define programs and commands.
SHELL = sh
CC = /usr/local/CrossPack-AVR/bin/avr-g++
OBJCOPY = /usr/local/CrossPack-AVR/bin/avr-objcopy
OBJDUMP = /usr/local/CrossPack-AVR/bin/avr-objdump
SIZE = /usr/local/CrossPack-AVR/bin/avr-size
NM = /usr/local/CrossPack-AVR/bin/avr-nm
AVRDUDE = /usr/local/CrossPack-AVR/bin/avrdude
REMOVE = rm -f
COPY = cp
WINSHELL = cmd


# Define Messages
# English
MSG_ERRORS_NONE = Errors: none
MSG_BEGIN = -------- begin --------
MSG_END = --------  end  --------
MSG_SIZE_BEFORE = Size before: 
MSG_SIZE_AFTER = Size after:
MSG_COFF = Converting to AVR COFF:
MSG_EXTENDED_COFF = Converting to AVR Extended COFF:
MSG_FLASH = Creating load file for Flash:
MSG_EEPROM = Creating load file for EEPROM:
MSG_EXTENDED_LISTING = Creating Extended Listing:
MSG_SYMBOL_TABLE = Creating Symbol Table:
MSG_LINKING = Linking:
MSG_COMPILING = Compiling:
MSG_ASSEMBLING = Assembling:
MSG_CLEANING = Cleaning project:




# Define all object files.
OBJ = $(addprefix $(OBJDIR)/,$(SRC:.c=.o)) $(addprefix $(OBJDIR)/,$(ASRC:.S=.o))

# Define all listing files.
LST = $(addprefix $(OBJDIR)/,$(SRC:.c=.lst)) $(addprefix $(OBJDIR)/,$(ASRC:.S=.lst))


# Compiler flags to generate dependency files.
GENDEPFLAGS = -MD -MP -MF $(OBJDIR)/.dep/$(@F).d


# Combine all necessary flags and optional flags.
# Add target processor to flags.
ALL_CFLAGS = -mmcu=$(MCU) -I. $(CFLAGS) $(GENDEPFLAGS)
ALL_ASFLAGS = -mmcu=$(MCU) -I. -x assembler-with-cpp $(ASFLAGS)





# Default target.
all: begin gccversion sizebefore clean build program sizeafter end

build: $(OBJDIR) elf hex eep lss sym

elf: $(OBJDIR)/$(TARGET).elf
hex: $(OBJDIR)/$(TARGET).hex
eep: $(OBJDIR)/$(TARGET).eep
lss: $(OBJDIR)/$(TARGET).lss 
sym: $(OBJDIR)/$(TARGET).sym

$(OBJDIR):
    @mkdir -p $@

# Eye candy.
# AVR Studio 3.x does not check make's exit code but relies on
# the following magic strings to be generated by the compile job.
begin:
    @echo
    @echo $(MSG_BEGIN)

end:
    @echo $(MSG_END)
    @echo


# Display size of file.
HEXSIZE = $(SIZE) --target=$(FORMAT) $(OBJDIR)/$(TARGET).hex
ELFSIZE = $(SIZE) --format=avr $(OBJDIR)/$(TARGET).elf

sizebefore:
    @if test -f $(OBJDIR)/$(TARGET).elf; then echo; echo $(MSG_SIZE_BEFORE); $(ELFSIZE); \
    2>/dev/null; echo; fi

sizeafter:
    @if test -f $(OBJDIR)/$(TARGET).elf; then echo; echo $(MSG_SIZE_AFTER); $(ELFSIZE); \
    2>/dev/null; echo; fi



# Display compiler version information.
gccversion : 
    @$(CC) --version



# Program the device.  
program: $(OBJDIR)/$(TARGET).hex $(OBJDIR)/$(TARGET).eep
    $(AVRDUDE) $(AVRDUDE_FLAGS) $(AVRDUDE_WRITE_FLASH) $(AVRDUDE_WRITE_EEPROM)

# Generate avr-gdb config/init file which does the following:
#     define the reset signal, load the target file, connect to target, and set 
#     a breakpoint at main().
gdb-config: 
    @$(REMOVE) $(GDBINIT_FILE)
    @echo define reset >> $(GDBINIT_FILE)
    @echo SIGNAL SIGHUP >> $(GDBINIT_FILE)
    @echo end >> $(GDBINIT_FILE)
    @echo file $(OBJDIR)/$(TARGET).elf >> $(GDBINIT_FILE)
    @echo target remote $(DEBUG_HOST):$(DEBUG_PORT)  >> $(GDBINIT_FILE)
ifeq ($(DEBUG_BACKEND),simulavr)
    @echo load  >> $(GDBINIT_FILE)
endif   
    @echo break main >> $(GDBINIT_FILE)

debug: gdb-config $(OBJDIR)/$(TARGET).elf
ifeq ($(DEBUG_BACKEND), avarice)
    @echo Starting AVaRICE - Press enter when "waiting to connect" message displays.
    @$(WINSHELL) /c start avarice --jtag $(JTAG_DEV) --erase --program --file \
    $(OBJDIR)/$(TARGET).elf $(DEBUG_HOST):$(DEBUG_PORT)
    @$(WINSHELL) /c pause
else
    @$(WINSHELL) /c start simulavr --gdbserver --device $(MCU) --clock-freq \
    $(DEBUG_MFREQ) --port $(DEBUG_PORT)
endif
    @$(WINSHELL) /c start avr-$(DEBUG_UI) --command=$(GDBINIT_FILE)



# Convert ELF to COFF for use in debugging / simulating in AVR Studio or VMLAB.
COFFCONVERT=$(OBJCOPY) --debugging \
--change-section-address .data-0x800000 \
--change-section-address .bss-0x800000 \
--change-section-address .noinit-0x800000 \
--change-section-address .eeprom-0x810000 


coff: $(OBJDIR)/$(TARGET).elf
    @echo
    @echo $(MSG_COFF) $(OBJDIR)/$(TARGET).cof
    $(COFFCONVERT) -O coff-avr $< $(OBJDIR)/$(TARGET).cof


extcoff: $(OBJDIR)/$(TARGET).elf
    @echo
    @echo $(MSG_EXTENDED_COFF) $(OBJDIR)/$(TARGET).cof
    $(COFFCONVERT) -O coff-ext-avr $< $(OBJDIR)/$(TARGET).cof



# Create final output files (.hex, .eep) from ELF output file.
$(OBJDIR)/%.hex: $(OBJDIR)/%.elf
    @echo
    @echo $(MSG_FLASH) $@
    $(OBJCOPY) -O $(FORMAT) -R .eeprom $< $@

$(OBJDIR)/%.eep: $(OBJDIR)/%.elf
    @echo
    @echo $(MSG_EEPROM) $@
    -$(OBJCOPY) -j .eeprom --set-section-flags .eeprom=alloc,load \
    --change-section-lma .eeprom=0 -O $(FORMAT) $< $@

# Create extended listing file from ELF output file.
$(OBJDIR)/%.lss: $(OBJDIR)/%.elf
    @echo
    @echo $(MSG_EXTENDED_LISTING) $@
    $(OBJDUMP) -h -S $< > $@

# Create a symbol table from ELF output file.
$(OBJDIR)/%.sym: $(OBJDIR)/%.elf
    @echo
    @echo $(MSG_SYMBOL_TABLE) $@
    $(NM) -n $< > $@



# Link: create ELF output file from object files.
.SECONDARY : $(OBJDIR)/$(TARGET).elf
.PRECIOUS : $(OBJ)
$(OBJDIR)/%.elf: $(OBJ)
    @echo
    @echo $(MSG_LINKING) $@
    $(CC) $(ALL_CFLAGS) $^ --output $@ $(LDFLAGS)


# Compile: create object files from C source files.
$(OBJDIR)/%.o : %.c
    @echo
    @echo $(MSG_COMPILING) $<
    $(CC) -c $(ALL_CFLAGS) $(abspath $<) -o $@ 


# Compile: create assembler files from C source files.
$(OBJDIR)/%.s : %.c
    $(CC) -S $(ALL_CFLAGS) $< -o $@


# Assemble: create object files from assembler source files.
$(OBJDIR)/%.o : %.S
    @echo
    @echo $(MSG_ASSEMBLING) $<
    $(CC) -c $(ALL_ASFLAGS) $< -o $@

# Create preprocessed source for use in sending a bug report.
$(OBJDIR)/%.i : %.c
    $(CC) -E -mmcu=$(MCU) -I. $(CFLAGS) $< -o $@ 


# Target: clean project.
clean: begin clean_list end

clean_list :
    @echo
    @echo $(MSG_CLEANING)
    $(REMOVE) $(OBJDIR)/$(TARGET).hex
    $(REMOVE) $(OBJDIR)/$(TARGET).eep
    $(REMOVE) $(OBJDIR)/$(TARGET).cof
    $(REMOVE) $(OBJDIR)/$(TARGET).elf
    $(REMOVE) $(OBJDIR)/$(TARGET).map
    $(REMOVE) $(OBJDIR)/$(TARGET).sym
    $(REMOVE) $(OBJDIR)/$(TARGET).lss
    $(REMOVE) $(OBJ)
    $(REMOVE) $(LST)
    $(REMOVE) $(OBJDIR)/$(SRC:.c=.s)
    $(REMOVE) $(OBJDIR)/$(SRC:.c=.d)
    $(REMOVE) $(OBJDIR)/.dep/*



# Include the dependency files.
-include $(shell mkdir $(OBJDIR)/.dep 2>/dev/null) $(wildcard $(OBJDIR)/.dep/*)


# Listing of phony targets.
.PHONY : all begin finish end sizebefore sizeafter gccversion \
build elf hex eep lss sym coff extcoff \
clean clean_list program debug gdb-config

由于我不能发布图片，我将解释我的目录结构。有一个 Builds 子目录，其中包含构建的 .hex .eep .o .elf .lst(成功时)。我的源文件和头文件不在Builds子目录下，而是在包含Builds目录的工程目录下。

Answer 1

Alan Stokes 是正确的，除了 OBJDIR 的值无关紧要，因为您的 clean 规则写得很糟糕。考虑干净规则中的这一行:

$(REMOVE) $(OBJDIR)/$(SRC:.c=.s)

一个常见的错误是认为只要给一个变量加上另一个变量的前缀，第二个中的每个词 都会以第一个为前缀，但事实并非如此。这就是 addprefix 的用途(如果您愿意，也可以是 patsubst)。上面的行扩展为此(假设 REMOVE 是 rm -f，OBJDIR 是 obj，并且 SRC 是 foo.c bar.c biz.c baz.c):

rm -f obj/foo.s bar.s biz.s baz.s

您可以立即看出这不是您想要的。

现在考虑当您添加所有 .cpp 文件时会发生什么，所以 SRC 现在是 foo.c bar.c biz.c baz.c one .cpp two.cpp three.cpp.替换 $(SRC:.c=.s) 将替换 .c 后缀，但是它不会 触摸任何与模式不匹配的单词。因此，您运行的命令变为:

rm -f obj/foo.s bar.s biz.s baz.s one.cpp two.cpp three.cpp

所以您有两个问题:第一个是您应该使用addprefix(或patsubst)为所有目录中的单词添加前缀，第二个是您应该使用 basename 函数删除所有单词的后缀。有多种方法可以做到这一点，但像这样的方法会起作用:

$(REMOVE) $(patsubst %,$(OBJDIR)/%.s,$(basename $(SRC)))

当然，您必须对 .d 文件的规则执行相同的操作。我强烈建议您先使用 make -n 尝试一下，然后再让它成为现实。