python - 为什么转储 `pickle` 比 `json` 快得多？

Question

这是针对 Python 3.6 的。

编辑并删除了很多无关紧要的内容。

我曾认为 json 比 pickle 更快，Stack Overflow 上的其他答案和评论让很多其他人似乎也相信这一点。

我的测试符合犹太洁食标准吗？差异比我预期的要大得多。我在非常大的物体上测试得到了相同的结果。

import json
import pickle
import timeit

file_name = 'foo'
num_tests = 100000

obj = {1: 1}

command = 'pickle.dumps(obj)'
setup = 'from __main__ import pickle, obj'
result = timeit.timeit(command, setup=setup, number=num_tests)
print("pickle: %f seconds" % result)

command = 'json.dumps(obj)'
setup = 'from __main__ import json, obj'
result = timeit.timeit(command, setup=setup, number=num_tests)
print("json:   %f seconds" % result)

和输出:

pickle: 0.054130 seconds
json:   0.467168 seconds

Answer 1

我已经根据您的代码片段尝试了几种方法，发现使用 cPickle 并将转储方法的协议(protocol)参数设置为:cPickle.dumps(obj, protocol=cPickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL) 是最快的转储方法。

import msgpack
import json
import pickle
import timeit
import cPickle
import numpy as np

num_tests = 10

obj = np.random.normal(0.5, 1, [240, 320, 3])

command = 'pickle.dumps(obj)'
setup = 'from __main__ import pickle, obj'
result = timeit.timeit(command, setup=setup, number=num_tests)
print("pickle:  %f seconds" % result)

command = 'cPickle.dumps(obj)'
setup = 'from __main__ import cPickle, obj'
result = timeit.timeit(command, setup=setup, number=num_tests)
print("cPickle:   %f seconds" % result)


command = 'cPickle.dumps(obj, protocol=cPickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL)'
setup = 'from __main__ import cPickle, obj'
result = timeit.timeit(command, setup=setup, number=num_tests)
print("cPickle highest:   %f seconds" % result)

command = 'json.dumps(obj.tolist())'
setup = 'from __main__ import json, obj'
result = timeit.timeit(command, setup=setup, number=num_tests)
print("json:   %f seconds" % result)


command = 'msgpack.packb(obj.tolist())'
setup = 'from __main__ import msgpack, obj'
result = timeit.timeit(command, setup=setup, number=num_tests)
print("msgpack:   %f seconds" % result)

输出:

pickle         :   0.847938 seconds
cPickle        :   0.810384 seconds
cPickle highest:   0.004283 seconds
json           :   1.769215 seconds
msgpack        :   0.270886 seconds