c - 我正在尝试在 C 中构建 RFC3339 时间戳。如何获取时区偏移量？

Question

我正在尝试将一个 RFC3339 时间戳放在一起，它将用于将某个条目写入数据库。这将被格式化为，例如，2004-10-19 10:23:54+02，其中 +02 是与 GMT 的小时偏移量。事实证明这个偏移量很麻烦——我似乎无法在 C 中推导出这个值。

这是我正在使用的代码。当我尝试构建时，它说 tm 结构没有名为 tm_gmtoff 的成员:

#include <time.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
    time_t now = time(NULL);
    struct tm *tm;
    int off_sign;
    int off;
    if ((tm = localtime(&now)) == NULL) {
            return -1;
    }
    off_sign = '+';
    off = (int) tm->tm_gmtoff;
    if (tm->tm_gmtoff < 0) {
            off_sign = '-';
            off = -off;
    }
    printf("%d-%d-%dT%02d:%02d:%02d%c%02d:%02d",
    tm->tm_year + 1900, tm->tm_mon + 1, tm->tm_mday,
    tm->tm_hour, tm->tm_min, tm->tm_sec,
    off_sign, off / 3600, off % 3600);
    return 0;

Answer 1

to build an RFC3339 timestamp in C

如果目标是 string，简单的解决方案是使用 strftime()。

  time_t now;
  time(&now);
  struct tm *p = localtime(&now);
  char buf[100];
  size_t len = strftime(buf, sizeof buf - 1, "%FT%T%z", p);
  // move last 2 digits
  if (len > 1) {
    char minute[] = { buf[len-2], buf[len-1], '\0' };
    sprintf(buf + len - 2, ":%s", minute);
  }
  printf("\"%s\"\n", buf);

输出

"2018-11-21T13:21:08-06:00"

---

How do I get the timezone offset?
When I try to build, it says the tm struct doesn't have a member named tm_gmtoff:

tm_gmtoff 是struct tm 的可选额外成员。如果可用，该成员或其他一些类似的依赖于实现的成员将很好用。

---

根据@jwdonahue 的建议，可以访问strftime() 和"%z" .
"%z" 从 C99 开始可用。

%z is replaced by the offset from UTC in the ISO 8601 format ‘‘−0430’’ (meaning 4hours 30 minutes behind UTC, west of Greenwich), or by no characters if no timezone is determinable. C11 §7.27.3.5 3

int main(void) {
  time_t now;
  time(&now);
  struct tm *p = localtime(&now);
  char buf[6];
  strftime(buf, sizeof buf, "%z", p);
  int h, m;
  sscanf(buf, "%3d%d", &h, &m);
  if (h < 0)  m = -m;
  printf("Minute difference %d\n", h*60+m);
}

CT 的输出

Minute difference -360

---

缺少上述选择，代码可以直接从 localtime() 和 gmttime() 中推断出时区偏移量:做一个 struct tm 减法.

以下利用时间戳的差异在 1 月 1 日附近不超过 1 天。

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <time.h>

// Return difference in seconds.
long tz_offset(time_t t) {
  struct tm *p = localtime(&t);
  if (p == NULL) return INT_MIN;
  printf("%s", asctime(p));
  struct tm local = *p;
  p = gmtime(&t);
  if (p == NULL) return INT_MIN;
  printf("%s", asctime(p));
  struct tm gmt = *p;

  int day = local.tm_yday - gmt.tm_yday;
  if (local.tm_year > gmt.tm_year) {
    day = 1;
  } else if (local.tm_year < gmt.tm_year) {
    day = -1;
  }
  int hour = day*24 + (local.tm_hour - gmt.tm_hour);
  if (local.tm_isdst) {
    ; // no adjustment
  }
  long diff = (hour*60L + (local.tm_min - gmt.tm_min))*60 + (local.tm_sec - gmt.tm_sec);
  return diff;
}

int main(void) {
  time_t now;
  time(&now);
  printf("tz offset %g\n", tz_offset(now)/3600.0);
  
  // Check time 6-months from now, maybe different daylight setting
  struct tm *p = localtime(&now);
  p->tm_mon += 6;
  now = mktime(p);
  printf("tz offset %g\n", tz_offset(now)/3600.0);
  return 0;
}

CT 的示例输出

Tue Feb 13 11:40:00 2018
Tue Feb 13 17:40:00 2018
tz offset -6
Mon Aug 13 12:40:00 2018
Mon Aug 13 17:40:00 2018
tz offset -5

---

根据 RFC3339 打印时区偏移量给定小时，分钟:

  // Alway print the sign and leading zero digits
  printf("%+02d:%02d", hours, abs(minute));

---

另见 What's the difference between ISO 8601 and RFC 3339 Date Formats?