用于搜索输入的 Python 搜索字典键

Question

所以这是我的问题:

我想搜索字典以查看是否有任何键包含用户输入的关键字。例如，用户搜索 John。

elif option == 3:
        count = 0
        found = None
        search_key = input("What do you want to search for? ").lower()
        for key, val in telephone_directory.items(): #takes each element in telephone directory
            if search_key in key: #checks if it contains search_key
                if found is None:
                    found = val
                    count = 1
                if found is not None:
                    print(" ")
                    print("More than one match found. Please be more specific.")
                    print(" ")
                    count = 2
                    break

            if found is None:
                print("Sorry, " + str(search_key) + " was not found.")
                print(" ")
                function_options() #redirects back

            if found is not None and count < 2:
                print(str(search_key) + " was found in the directory.")
                print("Here is the file on " + str(search_key) + ":")
                print(str(search_key) + ":" + " " + telephone_directory[search_key])
                print(" ")
                function_options() #redirects back  

这就是我现在的位置。无论搜索是什么，即使是整个键，它都会返回“未找到”。我做错了什么？

Answer 1

您需要做出一些选择；允许多个匹配项，仅查找第一个匹配项，或最多只允许一个匹配项。

要找到第一个匹配项，请使用 next():

match = next(val for key, val in telephone_directory.items() if search_key in key)

如果未找到匹配项，这将引发 StopIteration；返回默认值或捕获异常:

# Default to `None`
match = next((val for key, val in my_dict.items() if search_key in key), None)

try:
    match = next(val for key, val in telephone_directory.items() if search_key in key)
except StopIteration:
    print("Not found")

这些版本只会循环遍历字典项，直到找到匹配项，然后停止；完整的 for 循环等价物是:

for key, val in telephone_directory.items():
    if search_key in key:
        print("Found a match! {}".format(val))
        break
else:
    print("Nothing found")

注意 else block ；它仅在 for 循环允许完成且未被 break 语句中断时调用。

要查找所有 匹配键，可以使用列表理解:

matches = [val for key, val in telephone_directory.items() if search_key in key]

最后，为了高效地只允许一次匹配，在同一个迭代器上使用两次 next() 调用，并在找到第二个匹配时引发错误:

def find_one_match(d, search_key):
     d = iter(d.items())
     try:
         match = next(val for key, val in d if search_key in key)
     except StopIteration:
         raise ValueError('Not found')    

     if next((val for key, val in d if search_key in key), None) is not None:
         raise ValueError('More than one match')

     return match

再次将其调整为 for 循环方法，将要求您仅在找到第二个项目时中断:

found = None
for key, val in telephone_directory.items():
    if search_key in key:
        if found is None:
            found = val
        else:
            print("Found more than one match, please be more specific")
            break
else:
    if found is None:
        print("Nothing found, please search again")
    else:
        print("Match found! {}".format(found))

您的版本不起作用，因为您为不匹配的每个键 打印“未找到”。直到最后遍历字典中的所有键时，您才知道没有匹配到键。